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Pétrologie de la Série Volcanique de l’île de Fayal (Açores)

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Abstract

Four volcanic units have been distinguished on the islanf of Fayal. In order of decreasing age, these are:

  • the eastern rift, and products of the activity preceding the collapse of the caldera visible at the summit of the stratovolcano, characterized by an alkaline series: basalt-hawaiite-mugearite-trachyte;

  • the products of the explosive and postcaldera activity where only evolved lavas occur (benmoreites and trachytes);

  • the recent basaltic activity of the Horta region;

  • the western fissural activity — recent and historical.

The two last units are characterized by exclusively basaltic, frequently picritic, eruptions.

The lava groups cannot be distinguished by chemical criteria and have thus been treated as a single suite.

Ninety samples have been analysed by X-ray fluorescence, and the mineralogy of 6 representative specimens has been determined by microprobe. The data were used to work out the evolution of the lava. The series is shown to have been produced by crystal fractionation under moderate water pressure from an alkali basalt. Moderate fractionation of amphibole during the last stages allow the liquids to remain weakly undersaturated from initial basalts until final trachytes.

Mineralogical and chemical diversity between the most evolved lavas, benmoreites and trachytes, is an evidence of the strong influence ofpH2O and/orfO2 on the composition of such residua.

Resume

Quatre unités volcaniques sont distinguées dans l’île de Fayal:

  • le rift Est, et l’activité anté caldeira du stratovolcan, caractérisé par une série alcaline: basalte-hawaite-mugéatite-trachyte.

  • L’activité explosive et post caldeira, caractérisée par des laves évoluées (benmorites et trachytes).

  • L’activité basaltique récente de la région de Horta.

  • L’activité fissurale ouest, récente et historique.

Ceux deux dernières unités sont caractérisées par des éruptions exclusivement basaltiques, souvent picritiques. Ces ensembles de laves constituent des séries magmatiques que des critères chimiques ne permettent pas de distinguer. L’analyse d’une vingtaine d’échantillons, par fluorescence X, et l’étude minéralogique par microanalyse électronique de six roches représentant les types pétrographiques principaux, permet de préciser le processus de l’évolution de ces laves: cristallisation fractionnée sous pression modérée de H2O à partir d’un magma alcalin, faible fractionnement d’amphibole en fin de série permettant que les liquides demeurent faiblement sous-saturés depuis les basaltes jusqu’aux trachytes.

Une certaine dispersion minéralogique et chimique au niveau des termes les plus évolués: benmoreïtes et trachytes, souligne la grande sensibilité de ces produits de fin de différentiation à l’influence depH2O oufO2.

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Metrich, N., Bizouard, H. & Varet, J. Pétrologie de la Série Volcanique de l’île de Fayal (Açores). Bull Volcanol 44, 71–93 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02598190

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02598190

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