References
Garland JB. The comparative frequency of depression in various adult age groups. J Gerontol 1976;31:283.
Goff DC, Jenike MA. Treatment resistant depression in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986;34:63–70.
Anonymous: Psychiatric illness among medical inpatients. Lancet 1979;1:479.
Moffic HS, Paykel ES. Depression in medical inpatients. Br J Psychiat 1975;126:346.
Sendbuehler J, Goldstein S. Attempted suicide among the aged. J Am Geriatr Soc 1977;25:245.
Houpt JL, Orleans CS, George LK, Brodie HKH. The role of psychiatric and behavioral factors in the practice of medicine. Am J Psychiat 1980;137:37–47.
Hoeper EW, Nycz GR, Cleary PD, Regier DA, Goldberg ID. Estimated prevalence of RDC mental disorder in primary medical care. Int J Ment 1979;8:6–15.
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 1980.
Lehmann HE. Affective disorders in the aged. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1982;5 (No. 1. April).
McGeer E, McGeer PL. Neurotransmitter metabolism in the aging brain. In: Terry RD, Gershon S, eds. Aging. Vol 3. New York: Raven Press, 1976.
Adolfson R, Gottries CG, Roos BE, Winblad B. Post-mortem distribution of dopamine and homovanillic acid in human brain, variations related to age, and a review of the literature. J Neurol Transm 1979;45:81–105.
Berry EK, Berry RH. Cholinergic and GABA systems and old age. Br J Psychiat 1977;131:319.
White P, Hiley CR, Goodhart MJ, et al. Neocortical cholinergic neurons in elderly people. Lancet 1977;1:668–70.
Robinson DS. Changes in monoamine oxidase and monoamines with human development and aging. Fed Proc 1975;34:103–7.
Salomon JJ. Biases in treating depression. Geriatrics 1979;34:79–85.
Roth M, Kay DWK. Affective disorder arising in the senium II. Physical disability as an aetiological factor. J Ment Sci 1956;102:141.
Soloman K. The depressed patient: social antecedents of psychopathologic changes in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1981;29:14–18.
Karvashima K. Clinical studies of depressive illness in old age. Tokyo Jikeikai Med J 1979;94:2, 365, 376.
Charatan F. Depression and the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Psychiatr Ann 1985;15:313–6.
Cavanaugh S, Wettstein R. The relationship between severity of depression, cognitive dysfunction and age in mental inpatients. Am J Psychiat 1983;140:4.
Wells CE. Pseudodementia. Am J Psychiat 1979;136:895–900.
LaRue A. Memory loss and aging: distinguishing dementia from benign senescent forgetfulness and depressive pseudodementia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1982;5:89–103.
Weingartner H. Automatic and effort demanding cognitive processes in depression. In: Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults. American Psychological Association, 1986;218–25.
Niederehe G. Depression and memory impairment in the aged. In: Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults. American Psychological Association, 1986;225–37.
Kelley CM. Depressive mood effects on memory and attention. In: Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults. American Psychological Association, 1986;238–43.
Reding M, Haycox J, Cass J. Depression in patients referred to a dementia clinic. Arch Neurol 1985;42:894–6.
Weiss IK, Nagel CL, Cronson MK, Applicability of depression scales to the old old person. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986;34:215–218.
Yesavage JA. Use of self-rating depression scales in the elderly. In: Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults. American Psychological Association, 1986;213–7.
Spar JE, Geiner R. Does the dexamethasone suppression test distinguish dementia from depression? Am J Psychiat 1982;139:238–40.
Jenike MA. Dexamethasone suppression test as an aid to diagnosing, treating, and following depression in elderly patients. Topics in Geriatrics 1982;1:13–5.
Ouslander JG. Physical illness and depression in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1982;30:593–9.
Robinson RG. Depression in aphasic patients: frequency, severity, and clinicopathological correlations. Brain Lang 1981;14:282–91.
Robinson RG, Szetela B. Mood change following left hemisphere brain injury. Ann Neurol 1981;9:447–53.
Lipsey JR, Pearlson GD, Robinson RG, Rao K, Price TR, Nortriptyline treatment of poststroke depression: a double-blind study. Lancet 1984;1:297–300.
Salgman C, Shader RI. Depression in the elderly: II. Possibly drug etiologies; differential diagnostic criteria. J Am Geriatr Soc 1978;26:303.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 1980;205–24, 299–300.
Lehmann HE. Affective disorders in the aged. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1982;5:27–44.
Nelson J. The use of antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of depression. In: Zohar J, Belmaker R. Treating resistant depression. New York: PMA Publishing, 1987.
Friedel R. Affective disorders in the geriatric patient. Psychiatry Update. American Psychiatric Association Annu Rev 1983;2:118–30.
Schukit MA, Miller PL, Berman J. The three year course of psychiatric problems in a geriatric population. J Clin Psychiat 1980;41:27–32.
Khuri R, Akiskal H. Suicide prevention and the necessity of treating contributory psychiatric disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1983;6:193–207.
Murphy GE. The physician’s responsibility for suicide. I. An error of commission. Ann Intern Med 1975;82:301–4.
Lewinsohn PM, Munoz RF, Youngren MA, et al. Control your depression. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979.
Burns D. Feeling good: the new mood therapy. New York: William Morrow, 1980.
Altrocchi J, Antonuccio DO, Miller GD. Nondrug prescriptions for the depressed adult outpatient, Postgrad Med 1986;79:(8) 164–81.
Helmstettin S. The self-talk solution. New York: William Morrow. 1987.
Gerner RH. Present status of drug therapy of depression in late life. J Affective Disorders Suppl 1985;1:S23-S31.
Cuttler NR, Narange PK. Implications of dosing tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines in geriatrics. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1984;7:4.
Wilson JE, Chu C, Williams SE, Ruedrich SL. Clinical use of antidepressant medications. Nebr Med J 1984;69:(5) 148–53.
Jenike MA. Handbook of geriatric psychopharacology. Littleton, MA: PSG Publishing Company, in press.
Caird FI, Andrews GB, Kennedy RD. Effect of posture on blood pressure in the elderly. Br Heart J 1973;35:527–30.
Campbell A, Caird FI, Jackson TFM. Prevalence of abnormalities of electrocardiogram in old people. Br Heart J 1974;36:1005–11.
Roose SP, Glassman AH, Giardina EA, Walsh BT, Woodring S, Bigger JT. Tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients with cardiac conduction disease. Arch Gen Psychiat 1987;44:273–5.
Glassman AH, Bigger JT. Cardiovascular effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic antidepressants: a review. Arch Gen Psychiat 1981;38:815–20.
Veith RC, Raskind MA, Caldwell JH, Baines RF, Gumbrecht G, Ritchie JL. Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients with chronic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1982;306:954–9.
Giardina EGV, Bigger JT, Glassman AH, Perel JM, Kantor SJ. The electrocardiographic and antiarrhythmic effects of imipramine hydrochloride at therapeutic plasma concentrations. Circulation 1979;60:1045–52.
Roose SP, Glassman AH, Giardina EV, et al. Nortriptyline in depressed patients with left ventricular impairment. JAMA 1986;256:3253–7.
Massler M. Geriatric nutrition. II. Dehydration in the elderly. J Prosthet Dent 1979;42:489.
Winkler S, Massler M. Oral aspects of aging. In: Calkins, E., et al. eds. The practice of geriatrics. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1986.
Diokno AC, MacGregor RJ. Prostate gland disease. In: Calkins, E., et al. eds. The practice of geriatrics. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. 1986.
Thompson TL, Moran MG, Nies AS. Psychotropic drug use in the elderly. Part 2. N Engl J Med 1983;308:4, 194–9.
Vieth RC. Depression in the elderly: pharmacologic considerations in treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc 1982;30:581–6.
Roose SP, Glassman AH, Siris GH, Walsh BT, Bruno RL, Wright LB. Comparison of imipramine and nortriptyline-induced orthostatic hypotension: a meaningful difference. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1981;1:316–21.
Task Force on the Use of Laboratory Tests in Psychiatry. Tricyclic antidepressants—blood level measurements and clinical outcome: an A.P.A. Task Force report. Am J Psychiat 1985;142:162.
Wells BG, Gelenberg AJ. Chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and efficacy of the antidepressant maprotiline hydrochloride. Pharmacotherapy 1981;1:163–75.
Lydiard RB, Gelenberg AJ. Amoxapine: an antidepressant with some neurolepic properties? A review of its chemistry, animal pharmacology, toxicology, human pharmacology and clinical efficacy. Pharmacotherapy 1981;1:163–75.
Lapierre YD, Anderson K. Dyskinesia associated with amoxapine antidepressant therapy: a case report. Am J Psychiat 1983;140:493–4.
Litovitz TL, Trautman WG. Amoxapine overdoses: seizures and fatalities. JAMA 1983;250:1069–71.
Risch SC, Janowsky DS. Trazodone. Psychiatr Ann 1981;11:47–55.
Gershon S, Newton R. Lack of anticholinergic side effects with a new antidepressant—trazodone. J Clin Psychiat 1980;41:100–4.
Himmelhoch JM. Cardiovascular effects of trazodone in humans. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1981;1:765.
Janowsky D, Curtis G, Zisook S, Kuhn K, Resovsky K, LeWinter M. Ventricular arrhythmias possibly aggravated by trazodone. Am J Psychiat 1983;140:796.
Lesar T, Kingston R, Dahms R, Saxena K. Trazodone overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1983;12:221.
Rauch PK, Jenike MA. Digoxin toxicity possibly precipitated by trazodone. Psychosomatics 1984;25:334–5.
Dec GW, Jenike MA, Stein TA. Trazodone-digoxin interaction in an animal model. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1984;4:153–5.
Scher M, Krieger JN, Jeurgens S. Trazodone and priapism. Am J Psychiat 1983;140:1362–3.
Newton R. The side effect profile of trazodone in comparison to an active control and placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol. Suppl 1981;1(6S):89S-93S.
Feighner JP. Benzodiazepines as antidepressants. A triazolobenzodiazepine used to treat depression. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 1982;18:196–212.
Fawcett JA, Kravitz HM. Alprazolam: pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and mechanism of action. Pharmacotherapy 1982;2:243–52.
Butler LE, Scogin F, Kirkish P. Group cognitive therapy and alprazolam in the treatment of depression in older adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987;55:550–6.
Eriksson B, Nagy A, Starmark JE, Thelander U. Alprazolam compared to amitriptyline in the treatment of major depression. Acta Psychiat Scand 1987;75:656–63.
Jenike MA. The use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of elderly, depressed patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984;32:571–7.
Heninger GR, Charney DS, Stanberg DE. Lithium carbonate augmentation of antidepressant treatment. Arch Gen Psychiat 1983;40:1334.
Baldessarini RJ. Presented at Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Review and Update. Psychopharmacology Section. Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, March 1985.
Katon W, Raskind MR. Treatment of depression in the medically ill elderly with methylphenidate. Am J Psychiat 1980;137:963.
Kapitz SE. Withdrawn, apathetic geriatric patients responsive to methylphenidate. Am J Psychiat 1980;137:963–5.
American Psychiatric Association Task Force on ECT: Electroconvulsive therapy. Task Force Report # 14. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 1978.
National Institute of Health. Electroconvulsive therapy—consensus conference. JAMA 1985;254:2103–8.
Weisman A. The coping capacity: on the nature of being mortal. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1984.
Weissman MD, Prusoff BA, DiMascio A, et al. The efficacy of drugs and psychotherapy in the treatment of acute depressive episodes. Am J Psychiat 1979;136:555–8.
Weissman MD, Klerman GL, Prusoff BA, Shjolomskas D, Padian N. Depressed outpatients. Arch Gen Psychiat 1981;38:51–5.
Murphy GE, Simons AD, Wetzel RD, Lustman PJ. Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiat 1984;41:33–41.
Simons AD, Garfield SL, Murphy GE. The process of change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Arch Gen Psychiat 1984;41:45–51.
Kovacs M, Rush AJ, Beck AT. Depressed outpatients treated with cognitive therapy or pharmacotherapy: a one year follow up. Arch Gen Psychiat 1981;38:33–9.
Additional information
Received from the Geriatric Medicine/Gerontology Division of General Internal Medicine, and the Department of Psychiatry. Medical College of Ohio, C. S. # 10008, Toledo, OH 43699.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McGreevey, J.F., Franco, K. Depression in the elderly. J Gen Intern Med 3, 498–507 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02595930
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02595930