Hepatitis C virus infection and mixed cryoglobulinemia: a striking association

Summary

The high frequency of liver involvement in cryoglobulinemia is well established. Although both etiology and pathogenesis have remained so far undefined, recent studies suggest an association of mixed cryoglobulinemia with hepatitis C virus infection. To explore this hypothesis further, we assessed the prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies and RNA in a large group of patients, including: (1) 35 patients with cryoglobulinemia without clinical evidence of liver involvement (group 1), (2) 15 patients with symptomatic cryoglobulinemia associated with chronic liver disease (group 2) and (3) 13 patients with asymptomatic cryoglobulinemia associated with chronic liver disease (group 3). Anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies were detected by a second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and third-generation immunoblot (SIA Prototype RIBA), whereas the polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of viral RNA Anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were demonstrated in 21 (60%) patients from group 1, 11 (73,3%) from group 2 and 10 (83.3%) from group 3. The immunoblot identified as positive 3 further patients in group 1 (giving a prevalence of 68.6%) and all patients in groups 2 and 3. Hepatitis C virus RNA was demonstrated in cryoprecipitates from 21 of 24 immunoblot-positives and from 6 of 11 immunoblot-negatives, indicating an actual active viral replication in 77.1% of group 1. This was also found in 13 (86.7%) and 10 (83.3%) cryoprecipitates was the prevalent form in group 1 (88.6%) and group 2 (73.3%), whereas type III was found in group 3 (58.3%) and in 26.7% of group 2. Type I cryoglobulins were found only in group 1 and were negative for hepatitis C virus antibodies and RNA. Hepatitis B virus markers indicating a chronic carrier state were found in 3 patients, 2 of whom were also infected with hepatitis C. It is concluded that mixed cryoglobulinemia is very commonly associated with active hepatitis C infection. The presence of hepatitis C virions and likely virus antigen-antibody complexes in cryoprecipitates strongly suggests a causative role of this virus in the pathogenesis of tissue damage and indicates that the term “essential,” which usually defines a major proportion of types II and III cryoglobulins, should be abandoned.