Abstract
Both 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-3 are synthesized from n-6 and n-3 fatty acid precursors in the endoplasmic reticulum. The synthesis of both 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 requires that 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-3 are metabolized, respectively, to 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3 in the endoplasmic reticulum. These two 24-carbon acids must then move to peroxisomes for partial degradation followed by the movement of 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 back to the endoplasmic reticulum for use as substrates in membrane lipid biosynthesis. Clearly an understanding of the control of intracellular fatty acid movement as well as of the reactions carried out by microsomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria are all required in order to understand not only what regulates the biosynthesis of 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 but also why most tissue lipids selectively accumulate 22:6n-3.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sprecher, H., Luthria, D.L., Baykousheva, S.P., and Mohammed, B.S. (1995) Reevaluation of the Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,J. Lipid Res. 36, 2471–2477.
Ayala, S., Gaspar, G., Brenner, R.R., Peluffo, R.O., and Kunau, W. (1973) Fate of Linoleic, Arachidonic, and Docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoic Acids in Rat Testicles,J. Lipid Res. 14, 296–305.
Voss, A., Reinhart, M., Sankarappa, S., and Sprecher, H. (1991) The Metabolism of 7,10,13,16,19-Docosapentaenoic Acid to 4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic Acid in Rat Liver Is Independent of a 4-Desaturase,J. Biol. Chem. 266, 19995–20000.
Mohammed, B.S., Sankarappa, S., Geiger, M., and Sprecher, H. (1995) Reevaluation of the Pathway for the Metabolism of 7,10,13,16-Docosatetraenoic Acid to 4,7,10,13,16-Docosapentaenoic Acid in the Rat,Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 317, 179–184.
Geiger, M., Mohammed, B.S., and Sprecher, H. (1993) Studies to Determine if Rat Liver Contains Chain-Length Specific Acyl-CoA 6-Desaturases,Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1170, 137–142.
Christensen, E., Woldseth, B., Hagve, T.-A., Poll-the, B.T., Wanders, R.J.A., Sprecher, H., Stokke, O., and Christopherson, B.O. (1993) Peroxisomal β-Oxidation of Polyunsaturated Long Chain Fatty Acids in Human Fibroblasts. The Polyunsaturated and the Saturated Fatty Acids Are Retroconverted by the Same Acyl-CoA Oxidase,Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 536 (Suppl. 215), 61–74.
Moore, S.A., Hurt, E., Yoder, E., Sprecher, H., and Spector, A. (1995) Docosahexaenoic Acid Synthesis in Human Skin Fibroblasts Involves Peroxisomal Retroconversion of Tetracosahexaenoic Acid,J. Lipid Res. 36, 2433–2443.
Luthria, D.L., Mohammed, B., and Sprecher, H. (1996) Regulation of the Biosynthesis of 4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic Acid,J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16020–16025.
Mohammed, B.S., Luthria, D.L., Baykousheva, S.P., and Sprecher, H. (1997) Regulation of the Biosynthesis of 4,7,10,13,16-Docosapentaenoic Acid,Acid. Biochem. J. 326, 425–430.
Poulos, A. (1992) Lipid Metabolism in Zellweger’s Syndrome,Prog. Lipid Res. 28, 35–51.
Poulos, A. (1995) Very Long Chain Fatty Acids in Higher Animals,Lipids 30, 1–14.
Cinti, D.L., Cook, L., Nagi, M.N., and Suneja, S.K. (1992) The Fatty Acid Chain Elongation System of Mammalian Endoplasmic Reticulum,Prog. Lipid. Res. 31, 1–51.
Holloway, C.T., and Holloway, P.W. (1974) Lipid Products Formed During Desaturation of [1-14C]Stearyl CoA by Hen Liver Microsomes,Lipids 9, 196–200.
Bernert, J.T., and Sprecher, H. (1979) The Isolation of Acyl-CoA Derivatives as Products of Partial Reactions in the Microsomal Chain Elongation of Fatty Acids,Biochim. Biophys. Acta 573, 436–442.
Yamada, J., Matsumoto, I., Furihata, T., and Suga, T. (1994) Purification and Properties of Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Hydrolases from the Liver Cytosol of Rats Treated with Peroxisome Proliferators,Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 308, 118–125.
Uchiyama, A., Aoyama, T., Kamijo, K., Uchida, Y., Kondo, N., Orii, T., and Hashimoto, T. (1996) Molecular Cloning of cDNA Encoding Rat Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase,J. Biol. Chem. 271, 30360–30365.
Kunau, W.-H., Dommes, V., and Schulz, H. (1995) β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids in Mitochondria, Peroxisomes, and Bacteria: A Century of Continued Progress,Prog. Lipid Res. 34, 267–342.
Osmundsen, H., Bremer, J., and Pedersen, J.I. (1991) Metabolic Aspects of Peroxisomal β-Oxidation,Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1085, 141–158.
Baykousheva, S., Luthria, D.L., and Sprecher, H. (1995) Peroxisomal-Microsomal Communication in Unsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism,FEBS Lett. 367, 198–200.
Palosaari, P.M., and Hiltunen, J.K. (1991) Peroxisomal Bifunctional Protein from Rat Liver Is a Trifunctional Enzyme Possessing 2-Enoyl-CoA Hydratase and Δ3,Δ2-Enoyl-CoA Isomerase Activities,J. Biol. Chem. 265, 2446–2449.
Luthria, D.L., Baykousheva, S., and Sprecher, H. (1995) Double-Bond Removal from Odd-Numbered Carbons During the Peroxisomal β-Oxidation of Arachidonic Acid Requires Both 2,4-Dienoyl-CoA Reductase and Δ3,5,Δ2,4-Dienoyl-CoA Isomerase,J. Biol. Chem. 270, 13771–13776.
Chen, Q., Luthria, D.L., and Sprecher, H. (1998) Analysis of the Acyl-CoAs That Accumulate During the Peroxisomal β-Oxidation of Arachidonic Acid and 6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic Acid,Arch. Biochem. Biophys 349, 371–375.
Nada, M., Abdel-Aleem, S., and Schulz, H. (1995) On the Rate-Limiting Step in the Beta-Oxidation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Heart,Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1225, 244–250.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Sprecher, H., Chen, Q. & Yin, F.Q. Regulation of the biosynthesis of 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3: A complex intracellular process. Lipids 34 (Suppl 1), S153–S156 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02562271
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02562271