Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Shell Beds as paleoecological puzzles: A case study from the Upper Permian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil

  • Published:
Facies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Microstratigraphic, sedimentological, and taphonomic features of the Ferraz Shell Bed, from the Upper Permian (Kazanian-Tatarian?) Corumbataí Formation of Rio Claro Region (the Paraná Basin, Brazil), indicate that the bed consists of four distinct microstratigraphic units. They include, from bottom to top, a lag concentration (Unit 1), a partly reworked storm deposit (Unit 2), a rapidly deposited sandstone unit with three thin horizons recording episodes of reworking (Unit 3), and a shell-rich horizon generated by reworking/winnowing that was subsequently buried by storm-induced obrution deposit (Unit 4). The bioclasts of the Ferraz Shell Bed represent exclusively bivalve mollusks.Pinzonellaillusa andTerraia aequilateralis are the dominant species. Taphonomic analysis indicates that mollusks are heavily time-averaged (except for some parts of Unit 3). Moreover, different species are time-averaged to a different degree (disharmonious time-averaging). The units differ statistically from one another in their taxonomic and ecological composition, in their taphonomic pattern, and in the size-frequency distributions of the two most common species. Other Permian shell beds of the Paraná Basin are simílar to the Ferraz Shell Bed in their faunal composition (they typically contain similar sets of 5 to 10 bivalve species) and in their taphonomic, sedimentologic, and microstratigraphic characteristics. However, rare shell beds that include 2–3 species only and are dominated by articulated shells preserved in life position also occur. Diversity levels in the Permian benthic associations of the Paraná Basin were very low, with the point diversity of 2–3 species and with the within-habitat and basin-wide (alpha and gamma) diversities of 10 species, at most. The Paraná Basin benthic communities may have thus been analogous to low-diversity bivalve-dominated associations of the present-day Baltic Sea. The ‘Ferraz-type’ shell beds of the Paraná Basin represent genetically complex and highly heterogeneous sources of paleontological data. They are cumulative records of spectra of benthic ecosystems time-averaged over long periods of time (102–104 years judging from actualistic research). Detailed biostratinomic reconstructions of shell beds can not only offer useful insights into their depositional histories, but may also allow paleoecologists to optimize their sampling designs, and consequently, refine paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aigner, T. (1985): Storm depositional systems.—Lect. Not. Earth Sci.3, 1–174, New York (Springer-Verlag)

    Google Scholar 

  • Allmon, R.A. (1985): Butterflied' bivalves as paleoenvironmental indicators.—Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstr. Progr.17, 512, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L.C. &McBride, R.A. (1996): Taphonomic and paleoenvironmental evidence of Holocene shell-bed genesis and history of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf.— Palaios,11, 532–549, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L.C., Gupta, B.K. &Byrnes, M.R. (1997): Reduced seasonality of Holocene climate and pervasive mixing of Holocene marine section—northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf. —Geology,25, 127–130, Boulder

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anelli, L.E., Simões, M.G. &Rocha-Campos, A.C. (1997): Life mode of some Brazilian Upper Paleozoic anomalodesmatans. —In:Johnston, P.A. &Haggart, J.W. (eds.): Bivalves: An Eon of Evolution: Paleobiological Studies Honoring Norman D. Newell. Calgary (University of Calgary Press), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bambach, R.K. &Bennington, J.B. (1996): Environmental fidelity and time-averaging—sources of apparent community stability and unity.—N. Amer. Paleont. Conv. Abstr.6, 219, Tennessee

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, C. &Bonsdorff, E. (1977): Community structure and spatial variation of benthic invertebrates associated withZostera marina (L.) beds in the Northern Baltic sea.—J. Sea Res.37, 153–166, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brett, C.E. &Baird, G.C. (1986): Comparative taphonomy: a key to paleoenvironmental interpretation based on fossil preservation.—Palaios,4, 303–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, C.E. & Baird, G.C. (1993): Taphonomic approaches to temporal resolution in stratigraphy: examples from Paleozoic marine mudrocks.— In:Kidwell, S.M. & Behrensmeyer, A.K. (eds.): Taphonomic Approaches to Time Resolution in Fossil Assemblages.— Short Course in Paleontology6, 250–274, Tennessee

  • Brett, C.E., Ivany, L.C. &Schopf, K.M. (1996): Coordinated stasis: an overview.—Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol.127, 1–20, Amsterdam.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cadée, G.C. (1988): The use of size-frequency distribution in paleoecology.—Lethaia,21, 289–290, Oslo

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, G.Y. &Oertel, G. (1966): Deterministic models of living and fossil populations of animals.—Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London,122, 315–355, London

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M.R. &Kensley, B. (1984): Endemic South American Permian bivalve molluscs from the Ecca of South Africa.—J. Paleont.58, 1360–1363, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Daemon, R.F. (1974): Integração dos resultados palinológicos da fauna e flora das camadas fossilíferas da Bacia do Paraná—Implicações estratigráficas e paleogeográficas.—Rev. Unimar,1, 25–40, Marília

    Google Scholar 

  • Daemon, R.F. &Quadros, L.P. (1970): Bioestratigrafia do Neopaleozóico da Bacia do Paraná.—Congr. Brasil. Geol. Anais,24, 359–412, Rio de Janeiro

    Google Scholar 

  • Daemon, R.F. &Marques-Toigo, M. (1991): An integrated biostratigraphical column for the Paraná Basin, Brazil.— Inter. Congr. Carbonif. Perm. Stratigr. Geol. Abstr.12, 25–26, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, D.J., Staff, G.M., Callender, W.R. & Powell, E.N. (1990): Description of a quantitative approach to taphonomy and taphofacies analysis: all dead things are not created equal.—In:Miller III, W. (ed.): Paleocommunity Temporal Dynamics: the Long-Term Development of Multispecies Assemblies.—Paleont. Soc. Spec. Publ.5, 328–350, Tennessee

  • Fagerstrom, J.A. (1964): Fossil communities in paleoecology: their recognition and significance.—Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.75, 1197–1296, Boulder.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feige & Fürsich, F.T. (1991): Taphonomy of the Recent molluses of Bahia la Choya (Gulf of California, Sonora, Mexico). —In:Fürsich, F.T. & Flessa, K.W. (eds.): Ecology, Taphonomy, and Paleoecology of Recent and Pleistocene Molluscan Faunas of Bahia la Choya, Northern Gulf of California.—Zitteliana,18, 89–133, München

  • Flessa, K.W. (1968): The well-traveled cockles: shell transport during the Holocene transgression of the southern North Sea. —Geology,26, 187–190, Boulder

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flessa, K.W. &Kowalewski, M. (1994): Shell survival and time-averaging in nearshore and shelf environments: estimates from the radiocarbon literature.—Lethaia,27, 153–165, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  • Flessa, K.W., Cutler, A.H. &Meldahl, K. (1993): Time and taphonomy: Quantitative estimates of time-averaging and stratigraphic disorder in a shallow marine habitat.—Paleobiology,19, 266–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fürsich, F.T. (1976): Fauna-substrate relationships in the Corallian of England.—Lethaia,9, 343–356, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1980): Preserved life position of some Jurassic bivalves.— Paläontol. Zeit.54, 289–300, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Fürsich, F.T. &Aberhan, M. (1990): Significance of time-averaging for paleocommunity analysis.—Lethaia,23, 143–152, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  • Fürsich, F.T. &Flessa, K.W. (1987): Taphonomy of tidal flat molluses in the northern Gulf of California: paleoenvironmental analysis despite the perils of preservation.—Palaois,2, 543–559, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Fürsich, F.T. &Oschmann, W. (1986): Storm shell beds ofNanogyra virgula in the Upper Jurassic of France.—N. Jb. Geol. Paläont., Abh.172, 141–161, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • — & — (1993): Storm shell beds as tools in basin analysis: the Jurassic of Kachchh, western India.—J. Geol. Soc. London,150, 169–185, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghilardi, R.P. (1995): Paleoautoecologia dos pelecípodes da assembléia dePinzonella illusa Reed (Permiano Superior), Bacia do Paraná, Brasil.—Unpubl. Undergraduate Monography, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, 52p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilinsky, N.L. &Bennington, B. (1994): Estimating numbers of whole individuals from collections of body parts: a taphonomic limitation of the paleontological record.—Paleobiology,20, 245–258, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashiro, J. (1991): Litotipos, associações faciológicas e sistemas deposicionais da Formação Irati no Estado de Sào Paulo.— (Unpubl. Master Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 175p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbest, R., Morton, L.S. &Ferrando, L.A. (1987): Los pelecipodos dulceaquicolas del Permico Superior de Paraguay y Uruguay.—Rev. Assoc. Cienc. Natur. Litor.18, 107–122, Montevideo

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, A. (1979): Community paleoecology as an epiphenomenal science.—Paleobiology,5, 357–379, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Holterhoff, P.F. (1977): Paleocommunity and evolutionary ecology of Paleozoic crinoids.—In:Waters, J.A. & Maples C.G. (eds.), Geobiology of Echinoderms.—Paleont. Soc. Spec. Papers,3, 69–106, Tennessee

  • Kauffman, E.G. (1977): Evolutionary rates and biostratigraphic potential of marine benthos.—In:Kauffman, E.G. &Hazel, J.E. (eds.): Concepts and Methods of Biostratigraphy.—65–72, Stroudsburg, (Dowden)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kfith, M.L. (1969): Isotopic composition of carbonates from the Karroo and comparison of carbonates with the Passa Dois Group of Brazil.—Simp. Inter. Estratigr. Paleont. Gondwana,2, 775–778 Sao Paulo (UNESCO)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S.M. (1982): Time scales of fossil accumulation: pattern from Miocene benthic assemblages.—Proc. N. Amer. Paleont. Conv.1, 295–300, Tennessee

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1991): The stratigraphy of shell concentrations.—In:Allison, P.A. &Briggs, D.E.G. (eds.), Taphonomy: Releasing Data Locked in the Fossil Record.—Topics in Geobiology,9, 211–290, New York (Plenum Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S.M. &Bosence, D.W.J. (1991): Taphonomy and time-averaging of marine shelly faunas.—In:Allison, P.A. &Briggs, D.E.G. (eds.): Taphonomy: Releasing Data Locked in the Fossil Record.—Topics in Geobiology,9, 115–209, New York (Plenum Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S.M. &Flessa, K.W. (1995): The quality of the fossil record: populations, species, and communities.—Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.26, 269–299, New York

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S.M. &Holland, S.M. (1991): Field description of coarse bioclastic fabrics.—Palaios,6, 426–434, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S.M. &Jablonski, D. (1983): Taphonomic feedback: ecological consequences of shell accumulation.—In:Tevesz, M.J.S. &McCall, P.L. (eds.): Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities.—195–248, New York, (Plenum Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S.M., Fürsich, F.T. &Aigner, T. (1986): Conceptual framework for the analysis of fossil concentrations.—Palaios,1, 228–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, Y. (1997): Inferred bivalve response to rapid burial in a Pleistocene shallow-marine deposit from New Zealand.— Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol.,128, 87–100, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalewski, M. (1996): Time-averaging, overcompleteness, and the geological record.—J. Geol.104, 317–326, Chicago

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalewski, M., Flessa, K.W. &Aggen, J.A. (1994): Taphofacies analysis of Recent shelly cheniers (beachridges), northeastern Baja California, Mexico.—Facies,31, 209–242, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalewski, M., Flessa, K.W. &Hallman, D.P. (1995): Ternary taphograms: Triangular diagrams applied to taphonomic analysis.—Palaios,10, 478–483, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalewski, M., Gooderiend, G.A. & Flessa, K.W. (1998): High-resolution estimates of temporal mixing within shell beds: the evils and virtues of time-averaging.—Paleobiology,24, in press, Tulsa

  • Landim, P.M.B. (1970): O Grupo Passa Dois (P) na Bacia do Rio Corumbataí (SP).—Boletim DNPM, Divis, Geol. Mineral.252, 1–103, Rio de Janeiro

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavina, E. L. (1988): The Passa Dois Group: Sedimentology, stratigraphy and paleontology of the Gondwana sequence of the Paraná Basin.—7th Inter. Gondwana Symp., Excusion Guide Book,A2, 24–29, São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo)

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1991): Geologia sedimentar e paleogeografia do Neopermiano e Eotriássico (Intervalo Kazaniano-Scythiano) da Bacia do Paraná.—Unpubl. PhD Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 333 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maranhão, M.S.A.S. (1995): Fósseis das Formações Corumbataí e estrada Nova do Estado de São Paulo: subsídios ao conhecimento paleontológico e bioestratigráfico.—Unpubl. PhD Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 79 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marques-Toigo, M. (1988): Palinologia, bioestratigrafia e paleoecologia do Neopaleozóico da Bacia do Paraná nos estados do Rio grande do Sul e Santa Catarina, Brasil. —Unpubl, PhD Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 259p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matos, S.L.F. (1995): O contato entre o Grupo Passa Dois e a Formação Pirambóia na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná no Estado de São Paulo.—Unpubl. Master Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 110p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meldahl, K.H. (1987): Sedimentologic and taphonomic implications of biogenic stratification.—Palaios,2, 350–358, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1993): Geographic gradients in the formation of shell concentrations: Plio-Pleistocene marine deposits, Gulf of California.—Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol.101, 1–25, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meldahl, K.H., Flessa, K.W. &Cutler, A.H. (1977): Time-averaging and postmortem skeletal survival in benthic fossil assemblages: quantitative comparisons among Holocene environments. —Paleobiology,23, 207–229, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendes, J.C. (1952): A Formação Corumbataí na região do Rio Corumbataí (estratigrafia e descrição dos lamelibrânquios). —Boletim Faculd. Filos. Ciênc. Letr., Geol.,145, no. 8, 1–119, São Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1962): Lamelibrânquios permianos do oólito de Angatuba, Estado de São Paulo Mato Grosso (Formação Corumbataí). —Boletim Soc. Bras. Geol.11, 75–81, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1963): Lamelibrânquios permianos do Estado de Mato Grosso (Formação Estrada Nova).—Boletim Soc. Bras. Geol.12, 57–64, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1967): The Passa Dois Group (the Brazilian portion of the Paraná Basin).—In:Bigarela, J.J. Becker, R.D. &Pinto, I.D. (eds.), Problems in Brazilian Gondwana Geology.—119–166, Curitiba (Universidade Federal do Paraná)

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A.I. (1997): Coordinated stasis or coincidental relative stability? Paleobiology,23, 155–164, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, III, W. (1993): Models of recurrent fossil assemblages.—Lethaia,26, 182–183, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1996): Ecology of coordinated statis.—Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol.127, 177–190, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olivera, A.M. &Wood, W.L. (1997): Hydrodynamics of bivalve shell entrainement.—J. Sedim. Res.67A, 514–526, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Petri, S. &Coimbra, A.M. (1982): Estruturas sedimentares das Formações Irati e estrada Nova (Permiano) e sua contribuição para elucidação dos seus paleoambientes geradores, Brasil.—Actas Quinto Congr. Latinoameric. Geol.2, 353–371, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragonha, E.W. (1980): Caracterísitcas físicas da ZonaPinzonella illusa ePlesiocyprinella carinata da Formação Corumbatai. —Grupo Passa Dois, na região de Rio Claro (SP).—31 st Congr. Bras. Geol. Balneário Camboriú Anais5, 3106–3117 Camboriú

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccomini C. (1995): Tectonismo gerador de deformador dos depósitos sedimentares Pós-Gondvânicos da porção centrooriental do Estado de São Paulo e Áreas Vizinhas—Unpubl. Full-Professor Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 100p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha-Campos, A.C. (1973): Upper Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic paleogeography and paleoclimatological and tectonic events in South America.—In:Logan, A. & Hills, L.V. (eds.): The Permian and Triassic Systems and Their Mutual Boundary.—Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem.2, 398–424, Calgary

  • Rocha-Campos, A.C. &Rösler, O. (1978): Late Paleozoic faunal and floral successions in the Paraná Basin, Southern Brazil. —Boletim IG-USP. Sér. Científ.9, 1–16, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohn, R. (1988): Bioestratigrafia e paleoambientes da Formação Rio do Rasto na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná (Permiano Superior, Estado do Paraná).—Unpubl. Master. Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 225 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1994): Evolução ambiental da Bacia do Paraná durante o Neopermiano no leste de Santa Catarina e do Paraná.—Unpubl. PhD Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 250 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohn, R., Perinoto, J.A.J., Fúlfaro, V.J., Saad, A.R. & Simöes, M.G. (1995): On the significance of thePinzonella neotropica assemblage (Upper Permian) for the Paraná Basin-Brazil.— In: Sixth Simpósio Sul-Brasileiro de Geologia: Encontro de Geologia do Cone Sul.—Boletim Resum. Expand.1, 260–261, Porto Alegre

  • Runnegar, B. (1974): Evolutionary history of the bivalve Subclass Anomalodesmata.—J. Paleont.48, 904–939, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1977): Marine fossil invertebrates of Gondwanaland: palaeogeographic implications.—4th Inter. Gondwana Symp. 1, 144–159, Delhi (Hinduston Publishing Corporation)

    Google Scholar 

  • Runnegar, B. &Newell, N.D. (1971): Caspian-like relict molluscan fauna in South American Permian.—Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.146, 1–66, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • SASInstitute (1989a): SAS/STAT® User's Guide: Version 6.—4th ed., 943 p. (vol. 1), 846p (Vol. 2), Cary (Sas Institute)

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1989b): SAS/IML Software, Version 6.—1st ed., 501 p. Cary (Sas Institute)

    Google Scholar 

  • SASInstitute (1990): SAS® Procedures Guide, Version 6.—3d ed., 705p. Cary (Sas Institute)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, R.L., Muhlmann, H., Tommasi, E., Medeiras, R.A., Daemon, R.F. &Nogueira, A.A. (1974): Revisão estratigráfica da Bacia do Paraná.—28th Congr. Brasil. Geol. Anais,1, 41–65. Porto Alegre

    Google Scholar 

  • Seilacher, A. (1985): The Jeram model: event condensation in a modern intertidal environment.—In:Friedmann, G.M. (ed.): Sedimentary and evolutionary cycles.—336–342, New York (Springer-Verlag)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simòes, M.G. (1988): Técnicas de preparação de bivalves silicificados com vistas ao estudo da morfologia interna.—Congr. Bras. Zool. Resumos,15, 49, Curitiba

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1992): Pelecípodes da Formação Palermo (Permiano) de São Sepé (RS) e Guiratinga (MT): implicações na evolução da fauna neopaleozóica da Bacia do Paranà Brasil.—Unpubl. PhD Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 286p.

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1996): Pelecypod taphofacies of Corumbataí Formation (Late Permian), in central São Paulo State, Paraná Basin, Brazil.—39th Congr. Brasil. Geol. Anais,2, 298–300, Salvador

    Google Scholar 

  • Simòes, M.G. &Costa, P.M. (1992): Morfologia functional e modo de vida deCoxesia mezzalirai Mendes (Mollusca, Pelecypoda), Formação Corumbataí (Neopermiano), Bacia do Paraná, Brasil.—Congr. Iniciação Científ. UNESP,4, 160–161, Araçatuba

    Google Scholar 

  • Simòes, M.G. & Fittipaldi, F.C. (1992): Fósseis da região de Rio Claro, SP.—Arquivo do Município, Rio Claro (São Paulo State), 77 p.

  • Simòes, M.G., Torello, F.F. &Rocha-Campos, A.C. (1996): Gênese e classificação da coquina de Camaquà (assembléia dePinzonella neotropica), Formação Corumbataí (Permiano Superior), Rio Claro, SP.—Anais Acad. Brasil. Ciênc.68, 545–557, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • Simòes, M.G., Rocha-Campos, A.C. &Anelli, L.E. (1997a): Paleoecology and evolution of Permian pelecypod assemblages (Paraná Basin) from Brazil.—In:Johnston, P.A. &Haggart, J.W. (eds.): Bivalves: An Eon of Evolution: Paleobiological Studies Honoring Norman D. Newell.—Calgary (University of Calgary Press), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simòes, M.G., Marques, A.C., Mello, L.H.C. &Anelli, L.E. (1997b): Phylogenetic analysis of the genera of the extinct family Megadesmidae (Pelecypoda, Anomalodesmata), with remarks on its paleoecology and taxonomy.—J. Comp. Biol.2, 2, in press, Ribeirão Preto

    Google Scholar 

  • Sohn, I.G. &Rocha-Campos, A.C. (1990): Late Paleozoic (Gondwanian) ostracodes in the Corumbatai Formation, Paraná Basin, Brazil.—J. Paleont.64, 116–128, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, S.H.M. (1985): Facies sedimentares das Formações Estrada Nova e Corumbataí no Estado de São Paulo.—Unpubl. Master Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo. 142 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, S.H.M., Suguio, K. &Castro, J.C. (1991): Sedimentary facies of the Estrada Nova and Corumbataí Formations (Late Paleozoic of the Paraná Basin) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.—Inter. Gondwana Symp. Proc.7, 161–172, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • Souza, P.A. (1996a): Palinologia e bioestratigrafia do Subgrupo Itararè em Araçoiaba da Serra (Westphaliano, Bacia do Paranà), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil.—Unpubl. Master Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 192p.

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1996b): Paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic implications of the presence of Navifusa Combaz. Lange & Pansart, 1967 in the Itararé Subgroup (Westphalian). Araçoiaba da Serra (SP), Paraná Basin, Brazil.—Sessão Regular Acad, Brasil. Ciênc. Progr. Resum. 26, São Paulo, (Universidade de São Paulo)

    Google Scholar 

  • Speyer, S.E. &Brett, C.E. (1991): Taphonomic controls: background and episodic processes in fossil assemblage preservation.—In:Allison, P.A. & Briggs, D.E.G. (eds.), Taphonomy: Releasing Data Locked in the Fossil Record.—Topics in Geobiology,9, 501–545, New York, (Plenum Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, S.M. (1970): Relation of shell form to life habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca).—Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem.125 1–296, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1972): Functional morphology and evolution of the Bivalvia (Mollusca).—J. Paleont.46, 165–212, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanton, J.R., Jr. &Dodd, J.R. (1997): Lack of stasis in late Cenozoic marine faunas and communities, central California.—Lethaia,30, 239–248, Oslo

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suguio, K., Salati, E. &Barcelos, J.H. (1974): Calcários oolíticos de Taguaí (SP) e seu possível significado paleoambiental na deposição da Formação Estrada Nova.—Rev. Brasil. Geociénc.4, 142–166, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe, K. &Arimura, E. (1987): Ecology of four infaunal bivalve species in the Recent intertidal zone, Shikoku, Japan. —Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol.60, 219–230, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torello, F.F. &Simòes, M.G. (1994): Características tafonômicas da assembléia dePinzonella illusa Reed, Formação Corumbataí (Neopermiano), Bacia do Paraná, Brasil.—Acta Geol. Lepoldensia,39, 159–173, São Leopoldo

    Google Scholar 

  • Valencio, D.A., Rocha-Campos, A.C., &Pacca, I. (1975): Paleomagnetism of some sedimentary rocks of the Late Paleozoic Tubarão group and Passa Dois Groups from the Paraná Basin.—Rev. Brasil. Geociênc.5, 186–197, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R.G. (1984): Shelf and shallow marine sands.—In:Walker, R.G. (ed.), Facies Models.—Geosc. Can. Reprint Ser.1, 141–169, Geological Association of Canada.

  • Wistrop, S.R. (1996): Temporal persistence and stability of Cambrian biofacies: Sunwaptan (Upper Cambrian) trilobite faunas of North America.—Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol.127, 33–46, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zalan, P.V., Wolff, S., Viera, I.S., Astolf, M.A., Conceição, J.C.J., Zanotto, O. &Appi, V.T. (1991): Tectonics and sedimentation of the Paraná Basin.—Inter. Gondwana Symp. Proc.7, 83–117, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinkevich, L.A. (1957): Caspian and Aral seas.—Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem.67, 891–916, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1963): Biology of the Seas of the U.R.S.S..—955 p., New York, (Interscience)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Cp-510, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

    Marcello Guimarães Simões

  2. Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818, Warszawa, Poland

    Michal Kowalewski

Authors
  1. Marcello Guimarães Simões
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michal Kowalewski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Simões, M.G., Kowalewski, M. Shell Beds as paleoecological puzzles: A case study from the Upper Permian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil. Facies 38, 175–195 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02537364

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02537364

Keywords

Search

Navigation