Abstract
The fatty acid composition, totaltrans content (i.e., sum of all the fatty acids which may have one or moretrans double bonds) and geometric and positional isomer distribution of unsaturated fatty acids of 198 human milk samples collected in 1992 from nine provinces of Canada were determined using a combination of capillary gas-liquid chromatography and silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography. The mean totaltrans fatty acid content was 7.19±3.03% of the total milk fatty acids and ranged from 0.10 to 17.15%. Twenty-five of the 198 samples contained more than 10% totaltrans fatty acids, and thirteen samples contained less than 4%. Totaltrans isomers of linoleic acid were 0.89% of the total milk fatty acids with 18∶2Δ9c, 13t being the most prevalent isomer, followed by 18∶2Δ9c, 12t and 18∶2Δ9t, 12c. Using the totaltrans values in human milk determined in the present study, the intake of totaltrans fatty acids from various dietary sources by Canadian lactating women was estimated to be 10.6±3.7 g/person/d, and in some individuals, the intake could be as high as 20.3 g/d. The 18∶1trans isomer distribution differed from that of cow's milk fat but was remarkably similar to that in partially hydrogenated soybean and canola oils, suggesting that partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are the major source of thesetrans fatty acids.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AgNO3-TLC:
-
silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography
- c :
-
cis
- FAME:
-
fatty acid methyl esters
- GLC:
-
gas-liquid chromatography
- HTM:
-
high-trans milk
- LTM:
-
low-trans milk
- MTM:
-
medium-trans milk
- PHCO:
-
partially hydrogenated canola oil
- PHSO:
-
partially hydrogenated soybean oil
- t :
-
trans
References
Mensink, R.P., and Katan, M.B. (1990)N. Engl. J. Med. 323, 439–445.
Judd, J.T., Clevidence, B.A., Muesing, R.A., Wittes, J., Sunkin, M.E., and Podczasy, J.J. (1994)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59, 861–868.
Willet, W.C., Stampfer, M.J., Manson, J.E., Golditz, G.A., Speizer, F.E., Rosner, B.A., Sampson, L.A., and Hennekens, C.H. (1993)Lancet 341, 581–585.
Siguel, E.N., and Lerman, R.H. (1993)Am. J. Cardiol. 71, 916–920.
Emken, E.A. (1983)J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 60, 995–1004.
Senti, F.,Health Effects of Dietary transFatty Acids, Bethesda, MD, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, August 1985 (Report of HHS Contract No. FDA 223-87-2020).
Koletzko, B. (1992)Acta. Paediatr. 81, 302–306.
Koletzko, B., and Muller, J. (1990)Biol. Neonate 57, 172–178.
Anderson, R.L., Fullmer, C.S., and Hollenbach, E.J. (1975)J. Nutr. 105, 393–400.
Beyers, E.C., and Emken, E.A. (1991)Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1082, 275–284.
Holman, R.T., Pusch, F., Svingen, B., and Dutton, H.J. (1991)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 88, 4830–4834.
Hill, E.G., Johnson, S.B., Lawson, L.D., Mahfouz, M.M., and Holman, R.T. (1982)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 79, 953–957.
Ratnayake, W.M.N., Hollywood, R., O'Grady, E., and Pelletier, G. (1993)J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 12, 651–660.
Ratnayake, W.M.N., and Pelletier, G. (1992)J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 69, 95–105.
Ratnayake, W.M.N., Chen, Z.Y., Pelletier, G., and Weber, D. (1994)Lipids 29, 707–714.
Picciano, M.F., and Perkins, E.G. (1977)Lipids 12, 407–408.
Koletzko, B., Maria, M., and Bremer, H.J. (1988)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47, 954–959.
Atichison, J.M., Kunkley, W.L., Canotly, N.L., and Smith, L.M. (1977)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30, 2006–2015.
Chappell, J.E., Clandinin, M.T., and Kearney-Volpe, K. (1985)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42, 49–56.
Ohlrogge, J.B., Emken, E.A., and Gulley, R.M. (1981)J. Lipid Res. 22, 955–960.
Teter, B.B., Sampugna, J., and Keeney, M. (1990)J. Nutr. 120, 818–824.
Teter, B.B., Sampugna, J., and Keeney, M. (1992)Lipids 27, 912–916.
Pettersen, J., and Opstvedt, J. (1991)Lipids 26, 711–717.
Mes, J. (1981)Internat. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 9, 283–299.
Chen, Z.Y., and Cunnane, S.C. (1992)Am. J. Physiol. 27, 912–916.
Ratnayake, W.M.N., and Beare-Rogers, J.L. (1990)J. Chromatogr. Sci. 28, 633–639.
Ackman, R.G., Sebedio, J.L., and Ratnayake, W.N. (1981)Methods Enzymol. 72, 253–276.
Craig-Schmidt, M.C., Weete, J.D., Faircloth, S.A., Wickwire, M.A., and Livant, E.J. (1984)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 39, 778–786.
Health and Welfare Canada (1990)Nutrition Recommendations: The Report of the Scientific Review Committee, Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
Brisson, G.J. (1981) inLipids in Human Nutrition, Jack K Burgess, Inc. pp. 41–71, Englewood.
Finley, D.A., Lonnerdal, B., Dewey, K.G., and Grivetti, L.E. (1985)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41, 787–800.
Hunderieser, K.E., Clark, R.M., and Brown, P.B. (1983)J. Ped. Gastro. Nutr. 2, 635–639.
Gregory, J., Foster, K., Tyler, H., and Wiseman, M. (1990)The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults, The Social Survey Division, Office of Population Censes and Survey, The United Kingdom.
Enig, M.G., Atal, S., Keeney, L., and Sampugna, J. (1990)J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 9, 471–486.
Hunter, J.E., and Applewhite, T.H. (1986)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 44, 707–717.
Hunter, J.E., and Applewhite, T.H. (1991)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 363–369.
Jensen, R.G., Hagerty, M.M., and McMahon, K.E. (1978)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31, 990–1016.
Insull, W., Hirsh, T.J., James, T., and Ahrens, E.H. (1959)J. Clin. Invest. 28, 443–450.
Martin, F.C., Bougnoux, P., Fignon, A., Theret, V., Antoine, J.M., Lamisse, F., and Gouet, C. (1993)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, 653–659.
Dayton, S., Hashimoto, S., Dixon, W., and Pearce, M.L. (1966)J. Lipid Res. 7, 103–106.
Beynen, A.C., Herms, R.J.J., and Hautvost, J.G.A.J. (1980)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33, 81–85.
Hirsh, J.J., Farquhar, W., Ahrens, E.H., Peterson, M.L., and Stoffel, W. (1956)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 8, 499–511.
Hudgins, L.C., Hirsch, J., and Emken, E.A. (1991)Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 474–482.
Emken, E.A., Rohwedder, W.K., Adlof, R.O., Dejarlis, W.J., and Gully, R.M. (1985)Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 836, 233–245.
Wood, R. (1979) inGeometrical and Positional Fatty Acid Isomers (Emken, E.A., and Dutton, H.J., eds.) pp. 213–276, American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign.
Reichwald-Hacker, I., Grosse-Oetringhaus, S., Kiewitt, I., and Mukherjee, K.D. (1979)Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 575, 327–334.
Ackman, R.G., Hooper, S.N., and Hooper, D.L. (1974)J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 51, 42–49.
Wolf, R.L. (1992)J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 69, 106–110.
Chen, Z.Y., Pelletier, G., Hollywood, R., and Ratnayake, W.M.N. (1994)INFORM 5, 473.
Grandgirard, A., Bourre, J.M., Julliard, F., Homayoun, P., Dumont, O., Piciotti, M., and Sebedio, J.L. (1994)Lipids 29, 251–258.
Chardigny, J.M., Bonhomme, B., Sebedio, J.L., Juaneda, P., Doly, M., and Grandgirard, A. (1994)INFORM 5, 472.
Applewhite, T.H., and Hunter, J.E. (1992)Lipids 27, 486.
Chardigny, J.M., Sebedio, J.L., Juaneda, P., Vatele, J.M., and Grandgirard, A. (1993)Nutr. Res. 13, 1105–1111.
Pettersen, J., and Opstvedt, J. (1989)Lipids 24, 616–624.
Moore, C.E., and Dhopeshwarkar, G.A. (1980)Lipids 15, 1023–1028.
Rastogi, B.K., Fryer, B.A., Allee, F., and Fryer, H.C. (1980)Nutr. Rep. Inter. 22, 925–933.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, Z.Y., Pelletier, G., Hollywood, R. et al. Trans fatty acid isomers in Canadian human milk. Lipids 30, 15–21 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02537037
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02537037