Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carbonate deposition in accretionary prism settings: Early miocene coral limestones and corals of the Makran mountain range in Southern Iran

  • Published:
Facies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The regional mapping of the Makran mountain range on behalf of the Geological Survey of Iran represents a unique coverage: the entire area of the mountain range was compiled in a unified programme. During this mapping, Miocene limestones containing rich coral and foraminiferal faunas were recorded over a strike length of several hundred kilometres, as minor developments within thick neritic clastic sequences which in turn overlie great thicknesses of Eocene-Miocene flysch. These limestones include rigid bioconstructional frame-works, loosely compacted coralline assemblages and foraminiferal calcarenites: they includein situ recfal deposits and material redeposited quite close to their original site of deposition. Most are Burdigalian, as shown by the benthonic foraminifera, but some are Aquitanian. The geotectonic setting was an accretionary prism in a zone of plate convergence. The limestones and enclosing clastic sediments comprise an intensely folded, reverse-faulted and locally dislocated sequence, the duplex structure being the result of a major Late Miocene-Pliocene episode of regional deformation. This concentration of the intense tectonic deformation in a late major episode requires a different model for this zone of plate convergence to the model widely applied to such zones. The possible controls on limestone deposition are discussed-tectonic uplift and shallowing of the sea, climatic warming and eustatic factors. Depositional features of reefal formations in the late Jurassic of the Caucasus, the Pliocene-Recent of Halmahera, and the early Miocene of SE France are discussed in comparison with the Makran model.

The previously unknown corals from the limestones comprise more than 40 genera and 90 species and represent the largest recorded Miocene coral collection between the Mediterranean and Indonesia. A faunal list is provided and their significance is discussed, especially with respect to the apparent absence of higher energy assemblages. The respective influence of local ecological conditions, regional palaeogeographical setting, and late Cainozoic global change are assessed as causes of this pattern, and the latter favoured. The essential poritid-faviid character of most global coral communities remained relatively static for much of the Cainozoic notwithstanding background taxonomic turnover. Coral assemblages typical of higher energy, especially those dominated byAcropora, then appeared late in the Cainozoic alongside the older assemblages. However, a global increase in wave energy around this time is probably too naïve an explanation and causes arising from intensification of glacioeustasy should be considered instead.

Associated algae, foraminifera and molluscs are briefly discussed. The Makran fossils have especial palaeobio-geographical and palaeogeographical interest as they come from localities close to the areas of Miocene uplift which finally severed the Middle Eastern seaways of Tethys. Together with several previously recorded faunas elsewhere in Iran, their original location lay within an arm of the Miocene Arabian Sea, named here ‘The Proto-Persian Gulf’, at a palaeolatitude of about 25°N. The corals and foraminifera show an almost entirely Indo-Pacific affinity which began to emerge even before the final Zagros closure, indicative of strong biogeographical discontinuity with the early Miocene Mediterranean region.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abich, H. (1859): Ueber das Steinsalz und seine geologische Stellung in russischen Armenien. Palaeontologischer Theil.—Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences St. Petersbourg, (6me Sér., Sciences Mathématiques et Physiques)7, 59–150

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1882): Geologische Forschungen in den kaukasischen Ländern. Theil II. Geologie des armenischen Hochlandes, I. Westhälfte.—478 p., Wien (Hölder)

    Google Scholar 

  • Acevedo, R., Morelock, J. &Olivieri, R.A. (1989): Modification of coral reef zonation by terrigenous sediment stress.—Palaios4, 92–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, C.G. (1968): A revision of the foraminiferal genusAustrotrillina Parr.—Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology16, 73–97

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1970): A reconsideration of the East Indian Letter Classification of the Tertiary.—Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology19, 87–137

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1981): An outline of Tertiary palaeogeography.—In:Greenwood, P.H. &Cocks, L.R.M. (eds.): Chance, Change and Challenge. The Evolving Earth.—London (British Museum (Natural History)) and Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).—221–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, C.G., Gentry, A.W. &Whybrow, P.J. (1983): Dating the terminal Tethyan event.—Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins30, 273–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, C.G., Lee, D.E. &Rosen, B.R. (1990): Conflicting isotopic and biotic evidence for tropical sea-surface temperatures during the Tertiary.—Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology77, 289–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AGIP/SIRIP (1962): Report on the Geology of the Southern Makran.—unpublished report filed at the Geological Survey of Iran, Mehrabad, Tehran

  • Barnes, D.J., Bellamy, D.J., Jones, D.J., Whitton, B.A., Drew, E.A., Kenyon, L., Lythgoe, J.N. & Rosen, B.R. (1971): Morphology and ecology of the reef front of Aldabra.—In:Stoddart, D.R. & Yonge, M. (eds.): Regional Variation in Indian Ocean Coral Reefs.—Symposium of the Zoological Society of London28, 87–116

  • Bendukidze, N.S. (1977): Ecology of the Malm-Reef Formation of the Great Caucasus.—Mémoires du Bureau des Recherches Géologiques et Minières89, 313–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosence, D.W.J. (1983): Coralline algal reef frameworks—Journal of the Geological Society of London140, 265–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braga, J.C., Bosence, D.W.J. &Steneck, R.S. (1993): New anatomical characters in fossil coralline algae and their taxonomic implications.—Palaeontology36, 535–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, C.J.R. (1971): Seychelles reefs: structure and development. —In:Stoddart, D.R. & Yonge, M. (eds.): Regional Variation in Indian Ocean Coral Reefs.—Symposia of the Zoological Society of London28, 39–63

  • Budd, A.F. (1989): Biogeography of Neogene Caribbean reef corals and its implications for the ancestry of of eastern Pacific reef corals.—In:Jell, P.A. & Pickett J.W., (eds.): Fossil Cnidaria 5, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria including Archaeocyatha and Spongiomorphs, Brisbane 1988.—Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists8, 219–230

  • Budd, A.F., Johnson, K.G. &Edwards, J.C. (1989): Miocene coral assemblages in Anguilla, B.W.I., and their implications for the interpretation of vertical succession on fossil reefs.—Palaios4, 264–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevalier, J.-P. (1962): Recherches sur les Madréporaires et les formations récifales miocènes de la Méditerranée occidentale.— Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, (Nouvelle Série) (1961)40 (Mémoire No. 93), 1–562. [N.B. correct date of publication given on outside back cover]

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates, A.G. &Jackson, J.B.C. (1987): Clonal growth, algal symbiosis, and reef formation by corals.—Paleobiology13, 363–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Crimes, T.P. & McCall, G.J.H. (1994; in the press): A diverse ichnofauna from the Eocene-Miocene rocks of the Makran range (SE Iran).—Ichnos

  • De Mulder, E.F.J. (1975): Microfauna and sedimentary tectonic history of the Oligocene-Miocene of the Ionian Islands and western Epirus (Greece).—Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins13, 1–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, W.C. (1918): Zur Kenntnis des persiches Miocäns (Korallen).—Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Stuttgart, (1918), 98–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodd, J.R. &Stanton, R.J. (1990): Paleoecology; Concepts and Applications.—2nd ed., 502 p., New York (Wiley)

    Google Scholar 

  • Done, T.J. (1983): Coral zonation; its nature and significance.—In:Barnes, D.J. (ed.): Perspectives on Coral Reefs,—Manuka, A.C.T. (Brian Clouston for the Australian Institute of Marine Science), 107–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Drooger, C.W. (1963): Evolutionary trends in Miogypsinidae.—In:Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, Emers, J.D., Buning, W.L. &Wagner, C.W. (eds.): Fundamental Trends in Foraminifera.— London (Elsevier Publishing Company).—315–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, P.M. (1880): Sind fossil corals and Alcyonaria.—Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologica Indica, (Series 7 and 14)1(1), 1–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunham, R.J. (1962): Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture.—In:Ham, W.E. (ed.): Classification of Carbonate Rocks.—American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoirs1, 108–121

  • Dzulynski, S. &Walton, E.K. (1965): Sedimentary Features of Flysch and Greywackes.—Elsevier, Amsterdam, Developments in Sedimentology7, 274 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eames, F.E., Banner, F.T., Blow, W.H. &Clark, W.J. (1962): Fundamentals of Mid-Tertiary Stratigraphical Correlation.— 163 p., Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Embry, A.F. &Klovan, J.E. (1971): A late Devonian reef tract on northeastern Banks Island, Northwest Territories.—Canadian Petroleum Geology Bulletin19, 730–781

    Google Scholar 

  • Farhoudi, G. &Karig, D.E. (1977): Makran of Iran and Pakistan as an active arc system.—Geology5, 664–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faure, G. (1977): Distribution of coral communities on reef slopes in the Mascarene Archipelago, Indian Ocean.—Marine Research in Indonesia17, 73–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Felix, J. (1910): Über einige Korallen aus dem persischen Miocän.— Sitzungberichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig (1909)36, 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Folk, R.L. (1959): Practical petrographic classification of limestones. —American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin43, 1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Follows, E.J. (1992): Patterns of reef sedimentation and diagenesis in the Miocene of Cyprus.—Sed. Geol.79, 225–253, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fricke, H.W. &Meischner, D. (1985): Depth limits of Bermudian scleractinian corals.—Marine Ecology88, 175–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Fricke, H.W. &Schuhmacher, H. (1983): The depth limits of Red Sea stony corals: an ecophysiological problem (a deep diving survey by submersible).—Marine Ecology (Section 1 of Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli)4, 163–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, S.H. (1977a): Miocene to Holocene evolution of Caribbean province reef-building corals.—Proc. Third. int. Coral Reef. Symp.2, 353–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, S.H. (1977b): Cenozoic reef systems of Caribbean—prospects for paleoecologic synthesis.—In:Frost, S.H., Weiss, M.P. & Saunders, J.B. (eds.): Reefs and Related Carbonates-Ecology and Sedimentology.—American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology,4, 93–110

  • Fulthorpe, C.S. &Schlanger, S.O. (1989): Paleo-oceanographic and tectonic settings of early Miocene reefs and associated carbonates of offshore Southeast Asia.—American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,73, 729–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Geister, J. (1977): The influence of wave exposure on the ecological zonation of Caribbean coral reefs.—In:Taylor, D.L. (ed.): Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium, Miami,1, 23–29

  • — (1983): Holozäne westindische Korallenriffe: Geomorphologie, Ökologie und Fazies.—Facies9, 173–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Geister, J. (1984): Géomorphologie, écologie et facies des récifs actuels des Caraibes: conséquences pour l'interprétation des récifs fossiles.—In:Geister, J. & Herb, R. (eds.): Géologie et Paléocologie des Récifs.—Institut de Géologie de l'Université de Berne, pp. 1.1–1.14.

  • Geological Society of London (1989): Geological Society and the Palaeontological Association Review Seminar on Carbonate Buildups, 30th November 1989 at Derbyshire College of Higher Education, Derby, organized byP.H. Bridges: [Programme and Abstracts], 25p. [also reprinted in: Palaeontology Newsletter (1990)6, 26–39]

  • Glynn, P.W. (1993): Monsoonal upwelling and episodicAcanthaster predation as probable controls of coral reef distribution and community structure in Oman, Indian Ocean.—Atoll Res. Bull.379, 1–66, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goreau, T.F. &Wells, J.W. (1967): The shallow-water Scleractinia of Jamaica: revised list of species and their vertical distribution range.—Bulletin of Marine Science,17, 442–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Graus, R.R. &Macintyre, I.G. (1989): The zonation patterns of Caribbean coral reefs as controlled by wave and light energy input, bathymetric setting and reef morphology: computer simulation experiment.—Coral Reefs,8, 9–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, J.W. (1899): Fossil corals [Contributions to the Natural History of Lake Urmi, N.W. Persia, and its Neighbourhood].— Journal of the Linnean Society27, 424–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R., Audley-Chares, M.G., Banner, F.T., Hidayat, S. &Tobing, S.L. (1988): Late Palaeogene-Quaternary geology of Halmahera, eastern Indonesia: initiation of a volcanic island arc.—J. Geological Society of London,145, 577–590

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallock, P. &Schlager, W. (1986): Nutrient excess and the demise of coral reefs and carbonate platforms.—Palaios1, 389–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J. & Vail, P.R. (1988): Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and eustatic cycles.—In:Wilgus, C.K. et al. (eds.): Sea-level Changes: an Integrated Approach.— Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publications42, 71–108

  • Harbury, N.A. &Kallagher, H.J. (1991): The Sunda Outer-Arc Ridge, North Sumatra, Indonesia.—Journal of the Southeast Asian Earth Sciences6, 463–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J.V. & Falcon, N.L. (1936): Geological Map, Coastal Makran.—Unpublished report filed at the National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran

  • Harrison, J.V., Falcon, N.L., Allison, A., Hunt, J.A., Maling, P.B. & McCall, R.J.C. (1935–1936): Geological Map Landward Makran.—Unpublished report filed at the National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran

  • Hayward, B.W. (1977): Lower Miocene corals from the Waitakere Ranges, North Auckland, New Zealand.—Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand7, 99–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, H. (1952): Geology of the western coastal Makran area.— Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, unpublished report GR 91B, filed at the National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran

  • Jacob, K.H. &Quittmeyer, R.L. (1979): The Makran region of Pakistan and Iran: trench-arc system with active plate subduction. —In:Farah, A. &Dejong, K.A. (eds.): Geodynamics of Pakistan: Quetta (Geological Survey of Pakistan).—305–317

    Google Scholar 

  • James, G.A. &Wynd, J.G. (1965): Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian Oil Consortium Agreement Area.—American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin49, 2182–2245

    Google Scholar 

  • James, N.P., Rosen, B.R. &Coniglio, M. (1988): Miocene platform margin reefs, Gulf of Suez, Egypt.—American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin72, 200–201 [abstract]

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K.G., Budd, A.F. & Stemann, T.A. (1994; in the press): Extinction selectivity and ecology of Neogene Caribbean reefcorals.—Paleobiology

  • Karig, D.E. (1982): Deformation in the forearc: implications for mountain belts.—In:Hsü, K.J. (ed.): Mountain Building Processes. —London, (Academic Press).—59–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Kühlmann, D. (1983): Composition and ecology of deep-water coral associations.—Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen36, 183–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kühn, O. (1933): Das Becken von Isfahan-Saidabad und seine altmiocäne Korallenfauna.—Palaeontographica79 (A), 143–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, A. (1988): Sediment-shifting capability in the Recent solitary coralScolymia cubensis (Milne-Edwards and Haime) from Bermuda.—Bull. mar. Res.43, 241–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Mascle, D., Buu-Duval, B., Bizon, G., Müller, C., Saunders, J., Jung, P. & Geister, J. (1980): Tertiary sequences south of the Cordillera Central: Field Guide, 9th Caribbean Geological Field Conference, Dominican Republic, pp. 107–123

  • Matthews, R.K. (1984): Oxygen isotope record of ice-volume history: 100 million years of glacio-eustatic sea level fluctuations. —In:Schlee J.S. (ed.): Interregional Unconformities and Hydrocarbon Accumulation.—American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoirs36, 97–107

  • McCall, G.J.H. (1983): Mélanges of the Makran, Southeastern Iran.—In:McCall, G.J.H. (ed.): Ophiolitic and Related Mélanges.-Benchmark Papers in Geology.-Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania (Hutchinson and Ross)66, 292–299

  • — (compiler) (1985a): Explanatory text of the Minab Quadrangle Map 1∶250,000, Geological Quadrangle No. J. 13.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran) [with 1∶250,000 Map].

    Google Scholar 

  • — (compiler) (1985b): Explanatory text of the Tahruie Quadrangle Map 1∶250,000, Geological Quadrangle No. J. 14.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran) [with 1∶250,000 Map].

    Google Scholar 

  • — (compiler) (1985c): Explanatory text of the Fannuj Quadrangle Map 1∶250,000, Geological Quadrangle No. K 14.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran) [with 1∶250,000 Map].

    Google Scholar 

  • — (compiler) (1985d): Explanatory text of the Pishin Quadrangle Map 1∶250,000, Geological Quadrangle No. M 14.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran) [with 1∶250,000 Map].

    Google Scholar 

  • McCall, G.J.H. (compiler) (1985e): Area Report, East Iran Project, Area No. 1, North Makran and South Baluchistan.—Geological Survey of Iran Reports57, 634 pp. [with two 1∶500,000 maps]

  • McCall, G.J.H. (1993; in the press): The Inner Mesozoic to Eocene Ocean of South and Central Iran and the associated microcontinents—a new insight. Paper read at the L.P. Zonenshein International Conference on Plate Tectonics, November 1993, organised by the Russian Institute of Oceanology, Moscow.—Geotectonics

  • McCall, G.J.H. &Eftekar Nezhad, J. (compilers) (1993): Explanatory text of the Nikshahr Quadrangle Map 1∶250,000: Geological Quadrangle L 14.—301 p., Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran) (with 1∶250,000 map).

    Google Scholar 

  • — &-— (compilers) (1993; in the press): Explanatory text of the Saravan Quadrangle Map 1∶250,000: Geological Quadrangle M13.—258 p., Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran) (with 1∶250,000 map).

    Google Scholar 

  • McCall, G.J.H. &Kidd, R.G.W. (1982): The Makran, Southeastern Iran: the anatomy of a convergent plate margin active from the Cretaceous to present: inLeggett, J.K. (ed.): Trench-Forearc Geology: Sedimentation and Tectonics on Modern and Ancient Active Plate Margins.—Oxford (Blackwell Scientific Publications).—Geological Society of London Special Publications10, 387–397

    Google Scholar 

  • McCall, G.J.H. &Peterson, M.S. (1980a): Avartin (Makran, Iran), side and back notes to 1∶100,000 map.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran)

    Google Scholar 

  • — &-— (1980b): Dur-Kan (Makran, Iran), side and back notes to 1∶100,000 map.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran)

    Google Scholar 

  • — &-— (1980c): Kahnuj (Makran, Iran), side and back notes to 1∶100,000 map.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran)

    Google Scholar 

  • — &-— (1980d): Minab (Makran, Iran), side and back notes to 1∶100,000 map.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran)

    Google Scholar 

  • — &-— (1980e): Now Dez (Makran, Iran), side and back notes to 1∶100,000 map.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran)

    Google Scholar 

  • — &-— (1981a): Dar Pahn (Makran, Iran), side and back notes to 1∶100,000 map.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran)

    Google Scholar 

  • — &-— (1981b): Q'al eh Manujan (Makran, Iran), side and back notes to 1∶100,000 map.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran)

    Google Scholar 

  • — &-— (1981c): Remeshk (Makran, Iran), side and back notes to 1∶100,000 map.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran)

    Google Scholar 

  • — &-— (1981d): Ramak (Makran, Iran), side and back notes to 1∶100,000 map.—Tehran (Geological Survey of Iran)

    Google Scholar 

  • McCall, G.J.H. &Simonian, G.O. (1986): The Makran Project: a case history.—In: Prospecting in Desert Terrains,—London (Institution of Mining and Metallurgy).—31–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Monleau, C., Anglada, R., Arnaud, M., Montaggioni, L., Rosen, B.R. &Thomnassin, B.A. (1989): Excursion A. Les Constructions à Madréporaires de l'Aquitanien de la Nerthe (Provence Occidentale, France): 1989 Annual Meeting of the International Society for Reef Studies, Marseille, 14–19 Décembre 1989, Biologie et Géologie des Récifs Coralliens Quaternaires et Tertiaires.—38 p., Marseille (Centre de Stratigraphie et Paléoécologie, Université de Provence and Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Université d'Aix-Marseille II)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, G.F. &Karig, D.E. (1980): Structural geology of Nias Island, Indonesia: implications for subduction zone tectonics.— American Journal of Science280, 193–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, A.C. &Macintyre, I. (1985): Reef response to sea level rise: keep-up, catch-up or give-up.—Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti3, 105–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, N.D. (1971): An outline history of tropical organic reefs.— American Museum Novitates2465, 1–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrin, C., Bosence, D.W.J. & Rosen, B.R. (1994; in the press): Quantitative approaches to palaeozonation and palaeobathymetry of Cenozoic coral reefs.—Special Publications of the Geological Society of London

  • Pichon, M. (1978): Recherches sur les peuplements à dominance d'Anthozoaires dans les récifs coralliens de Tuléar (Madagascar). —Atoll Research Bulletin222, 447 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Platt, J.P., Leggett, J.K., Young, J., Raza, H. &Alam, S. (1985): Large-scale sediment underplating in the Makran accretionary prism, southwest Pakistan.—Geology13, 507–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purser, B.H., Plaziat, J.-C. & Rosen, B.R. (1994; in the press): Early Miocene reefs of the NW Red Sea: relationships between geometry and rift evolution.—In:Franseen, E., Esteban M. & Ward, W.C. (eds.): Miocene carbonates of the Mediterranean Regions: Models for Carbonate Stratigraphy.

  • Read, J.F. (1982): Carbonate platforms of passive (extensional) continental margins: types, characteristics and evolution.— Tectonophysics81, 195–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robba, E. (1986): The final occlusion of Tethys: its bearing on Mediterranean benthic molluscs.—In:McKenzie, K.G. (ed.): International Symposium on Shallow Tethys 2, Wagga Wagga, September 1986.—405–426

  • Rögl, F. &Steininger, F.F. (1983): Vom Zerfall der Tethys zu Mediterran und Paratethys. Die neogene Paläogeographie und Palinspastik des zirkum-mediterranen Raumes.—Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museums in Wien (A)85, 135–163

    Google Scholar 

  • — &-— (1984): Neogene Paratethys, Mediterranean and Indopacific seaways. Implications for the palaeobiogeography of marine and terrestrial biotas.—In:Brenchley, P.J. (eds.): Fossils and Climate.—Chichester (John Wiley and Sons).—Geological Journal Special Issues11, 171–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, B.R. (1971): Principal features of reef coral ecology in shallow water environments of Mahé, Seychelles.—In:Stoddart, D.R. & Yonge, M. (eds.): Regional Variation in Indian Ocean Coral Reefs.—Symposia of the Zoological Society of London28, 163–183

  • — (1975): The distribution of reef corals.—Reports of the Underwater Association (New Series)1, 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1977): The depth distribution of Recent hermatypic corals and its palaeontological significance.—Mémoires de Bureau des Recherches Géologiques et Minières89, 507–517

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1981): The tropical high diversity enigma—the corals'-eye view.—In:Greenwood, P.H. &Forey, P.L. (eds.) Chance, Change and Challenge. The Evolving Biosphere.—British Museum (Natural History), London, and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 103–129

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1984): Reef coral biogeography and climate through the late Cainozoic: just islands in the sun, or a critical pattern of islands?—In:Brenchley, P.J. (ed.): Fossils and Climate.— (Wiley) Chichester.—Geological Journal Special Issues11, 201–262

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1988): Progress, problems and patterns in the biogeography of reef corals and other tropical marine organisms.—Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen42, 269–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — (1990): Reefs and carbonate build-ups.—In:Briggs, D.E. &Crowther, P.R. (eds.): Palaeobiology—a Synthesis.—Oxford (Blackwell Scientific Publications),—341–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, B.R. (1992): Empiricism and the biogeographical black box: concepts and methods in marine palaeobiogeography.—In:Malmgren, B.A. & Bengtson, P., (eds.): Biogeographic patterns in the Cretaceous Ocean.—Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology92, 171–205

  • Rosen, B.R. &Smith, A.B. 1988, Tectonics from fossils? Analysis of reef-coral and sea-urchin distributions from late Cretaceous to Recent, using a new method.—In:Audley-Charles, M.G. &Hallam, A. (eds.): Gondwana and Tethys.—Oxford (Oxford University Press).—Geological Society of London Special Publications37, 275–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G. & Moore, C.H. (eds.) (1983): Carbonate Depositional Environments.—American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoirs33, i–xi, 1–708

  • Schuhmacher, H. &Zibrowius, H. (1985): What is hermatypic? A redefinition of ecological groups in corals and other organisms. —Coral Reefs4, 1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scoffin, T.P. (1987): An Introduction to Carbonate Sediments and Rocks.—274 p. Glasgow (Blackie)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, C.[R.C.], Price, A. &Roberts C. (1992): Marine ecology of the Arabian Region, Patterns and Processes in Extreme Tropical Environments.—359 p., London (Academic Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, C.[R.C.] &Salm, R.V. (1988): Reef and coral communities of Oman, with a description of a new coral species (Order Scleractinia, genusAcanthastrea).—Journal of Natural History22, 263–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, C.[R.C.] &Sheppard, A.L.S. (1991): Corals and coral communities of Arabia.—Fauna of Saudi Arabia12, 1–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjerp, N., Issakhanian, V. &Brants, A. (1969): The geological environment of the Chahar Gonbad Mine: a study in Tertiary copper mineralisation.—Geological Survey of Iran Reports16, I–IV, 1–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, S.M. (1979): Macroevolution. Pattern and Process. 332 p., San Francisco (W.H. Freeman & Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stöcklin, J. (1952): Geology of the central coastal Makran area (Iran Oil).—unpublished report GR 91C, filed at the National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran

  • Thomas, M.L.H. &Logan A. [1992?]: A guide to the ecology of shoreline and shallow-water marine communities of Bermuda.— Bermuda Biological Station for Research Special Publication30, i-xxii, 1–346 [no date of publication]

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron, J.E.N. (1985): Aspects of the biogeography of hermatypic corals.—Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti4, 83–88

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1986): Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific.—644 p., North Ryde, New South Wales (Angus & Robertson)

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1992): Environmental control of Holocene changes to the world's most northern hermatypic coral outcrop.—Pacific Science46, 405–425. Hawaii

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1993): A biogeographic database of hermatypic corals. Species of the central Indo-Pacific genera of the world.—Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series10, 1–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron, J.E.N. &Minchin, P.R. (1992): Correlations between sea surface temperature, circulation patterns and the distribution of hermatypic corals of Japan.—Continental Shelf Research12, 835–857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veron, J.E.N. &Pichon, M. (1980): Scleractinian of eastern Australia. Part III. Families Agariciidae, Siderastreidae, Fungiidae, Oculinidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Pectiniidae, Caryophyliidae, Dendrophyliidae.—Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series4, i-x, 1–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, S.A. (1965): Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962. Reports No. 9. Reef communities visited by the Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962.—Bull. Sea Fish. Res. Sta. Haifa38, 40–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, J.W. (1954): Bikini and nearby atolls: (2) Oceanography (biologic), Recent corals of the Marshall Islands.—Professional Papers of the United States Geological Survey260-I, i-iv, 385–386

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1956): Scleractinia.—In:Moore, R.C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata: Boulder, Colorado (Geological Society of America) and Kansas (University of Kansas Press).—F328-F444

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R.S. (1982): Deformation of the Makran accretionary sedimentprism in the Gulf of Oman (north-west Indian Ocean).— In:Leggett, J.K. (ed.): Trench-forearc Geology: Sedimentation and Tectonics on Modern and Ancient Active Plate Margins. —Oxford (Blackwell Scientific Publications).—Geological Society of London Special Publications10, 357–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Whybrow, P.J. (1984): Geological and faunal evidence from Arabia for mammal ‘migrations’ between Asia and Africa during the Miocene.—Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg69, 189–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.L. (1975): Carbonate Facies in Geologic History. 471 p., Berlin (Springer)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Liverpool University, P.O. Box 147, L69 3BX, Liverpool, UK

    Joe McCall (Fellow)

  2. Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, UK

    Brian Rosen & Jill Darrell

Authors
  1. Joe McCall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brian Rosen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jill Darrell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

McCall, J., Rosen, B. & Darrell, J. Carbonate deposition in accretionary prism settings: Early miocene coral limestones and corals of the Makran mountain range in Southern Iran. Facies 31, 141–177 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536938

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536938

Keywords

Search

Navigation