Abstract
Four diets which differed in fatty acid composition were provided for five months each to a group of 24 healthy nun volunteers. The diets contained 54% carbohydrates, 16% proteins and 30% lipids. One-third of the lipid part remained unchanged during the whole study, and two-thirds were modified during each period. For this latter portion, one of the following dietary fats was used: sunflower oil, peanut oil, low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil or milk fats. This procedure allowed an evaluation of the effects of various amounts of dietary linoleic acid (C18∶2ω6) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18∶3ω3) on the serum level of their metabolites. A diet providing a large amount of linoleic acid (14% of the total caloric intake) resulted in low levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (C20∶3ω6) and arachidonic acid (C20∶4ω6) in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. A diet providing a small amount of linoleic acid (0.6% to 1.3% of the total caloric intake) induced high levels of ω6 fatty acid derivatives. Intermediate serum levels of C20∶3ω6 and C20∶4ω6 were found with a linoleic acid supply of about 6.5% of the total caloric intake. Serum levels of ω6 metabolites were not different after two diets providing a similar supply of C18∶2ω6 (4.5% to 6.5% of the total caloric intake), although in one of them the supply of C18∶3ω3 was higher (1.5% for LEAR oil versus 0.13% for peanut oil).
Under our experimental conditions (healthy human adults fed on a normo-caloric diet with 30% lipids), we tried to determine PUFA (linoleic and linolenic acid) allowances which should be recommended for adults. The aim of the study was to obtain a hypocholesterolemic or normocholesterolemic effect while keeping normal 20∶3ω6 and 20∶4ω6 serum levels which would evidence a normal linoleic acid metabolism. The amounts recommended are: linoleic acid 5 to 6% of the total calories; alpha-linolenic acid 0.5 to 1% of the total calories.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Burr, G.O., and Burr, M.M. (1930) J. Biol. Chem. 86, 269–282.
Holman, R.T. (1971) Prog. Chem. Fats Other Lipids 9, 279–348.
FAO study, Alimentation, Nutrition No. 3 (1977) FAO/OMS Rome.
Holmar, R.T. (1976) in Lipids (Paoletti, R., Porcellati, G., and Jacini, G., eds.) Vol. 1, Raven Press, New York.
Vergroesen, A.J., De Deckere, E.A.M., Ten Hoor, F., Hornstra, G., and Houtsmuller, U.M.M. (1975) in The Essential Fatty Acids (Hardkins, W.W., ed.) Nutrition Society of Canada, Ontario.
Mendy, F., Hirtz, J., Berrett, R., Rio, B., and Rossier, A. (1968) Ann. Nutr. Alim. 22, 267–285.
Committee on Dietary Allowances (1980) Recommended Dietary Allowances, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Holman, R.T., Johnson, S.B., and Hatch, T.F. (1982) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35, 613–617.
Lamptey, M.S., and Walker, B.L. (1976) Nutrition 106, 85–93.
Bang, H.O., and Dyerberg, J. (1980) Advanced Nutrition Research (Chappeer, H.H., ed.) Vol. 3, pp. 1–22, Plenum Press, New York.
Jacotot, B. (1979) Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 26, 171–174.
Enholm, L., Huttienen, J.K., Pieterren, P., Luno, V., Mutanen, M., Kostiainen, E., Pikkarainen, J., Dougherty, R., Icano, S., and Prosbky, P. (1982) New Engl. J. Med. 307, 850–855.
Brenner, R.R., and Puluffo, R.O. (1966) J. Biol. Chem. 241, 5213–5219.
Baudet, M.F., Dachet, C., Lasserre, M., Esteva, O., and Jacotot, B. (1984) J. Lipid Res. 25, 456–468.
Etienne, G., Papin, P., and Renault, H. (1963) Ann. Biol. Clin. 10, 851–859.
Nishida, J. (1978) J. Med. Technol. 22, 1304.
Folch, J.M., Lees, M., and Sloane-Stanley, G.H. (1957) J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497–509.
Cagnazzo, G., Ros, A., and Bignardi, G. (1965) J. Chromatogr. 19, 185–189.
Mahley, R.W. (1979) Atheroscl. Reviews 5, 1–54.
Hornstra, G., and Vles, R. (1978) in International Conference on Atherosclerosis (Carlson, L.A., Paoletti, R., and Sirtori, C.R., eds.) pp. 471–476. Raven Press, New York.
Keys, A. (1980) Seven Countries, A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Rasenen, L., Wilska, M., and Kantera, R.L. (1978) Amer. J. Clin. Nutrit. 31, 1050–1056.
Holman, R.T., Smythe, L., and Johnson, S. (1979) Amer. J. Clin. Nutrit. 32, 2390–2399.
Zumlanski, S., Budzynska-Topolowska, J., and Razanek, J. (1980) Ann. Nutrit. Alimen. 34, 668–678.
Hansen, A.E., Wiese, H.F., Adam, D.J.D., Boelse, A.N., Haggard, M.E., Davis, J., Newson, W.T., and Pesut, L. (1964) Amer. J. Clin. Nutrit. 15, 11–19.
Friedman, Z., Seyberth, H., Frölich, J., and Oates, J. (1980) Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res. 8, 1799–1805.
Iacono, J.M., Mueller, J.F., and Zellner, D.C. (1965) Amer. J. Clin. Nutrit. 16, 165–172.
Nouvelot, A., Dewailly, P., Fruchart, J.C., Jaillard, J., and Sezille, G. (1975) Nutrit. Metabol. 19, 307–317.
Agradi, E., Termoli, E., Colombo, C., and Galli, C. (1978) Prostaglandins 16, 973–984.
Dupont, J., Mathias, M.M., and Connally, P.T. (1978) Fed. Proc. 37, 445 (Abstract).
Ten Hoor, F., De Deckere, E.A.M., Haddeman, E., Hornstra, G., and Quadt, J.F.A. (1980) Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res. 8, 1771–1781.
De Deckere, E.A.M., Nugteren, D.H., and Ten Hoor, F., (1979) Prostaglandins 17, 947–955.
Galli, C., Agradi, E., Petroni, A., and Socini, A. (1980) Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 642, 171–179.
Galli, C., Garadi, E., Petroni, A., and Tremoli, E. (1981) Lipids 16, 165–172.
Brenner, R.R. (1977) Adv. Exper. Med. Biol. 83, 85–101.
Morhauer, H., and Holman, R.T. (1963) J. Lipid Res. 4, 151–159.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Lasserre, M., Mendy, F., Spielmann, D. et al. Effects of different dietary intake of essential fatty acids on C20∶3ω6 and C20∶4ω6 serum levels in human adults. Lipids 20, 227–233 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02534193
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02534193