Abstract
The degree of aggregation of lettuce plants infected by aster yellows phytoplasma (AYP) was investigated in 12 fields from three experiments. Position of diseased and healthy plants was mapped in a 6–9×12-m section of each field; for most analyses, fields were divided into 10-plant quadrats. Mean disease incidence (p) ranged from 0.01 to 0.30. The frequency of diseased plants was described by the beta-binomial distribution, with an index of aggregation (θ) ranging from 0 to 0.17, positively correlated withp, and generally increasing over time within a field. Distance-class analysis revealed a core-cluster size of only a few plants. However, spatial autocorrelations ofp between quadrats were not significant, indicating that the scale of spatial pattern was small, generally less than 10 plants. An overall measure of aggregation was given by the slope parameter of the binary form of the power law, in which the log of the calculated variance is regressed on the log of the theoretical variance for a binomial distribution. The slope was 1.18 and significantly different from 1. Results for this “simple-interest” disease are interpreted in relation to the persistent transmission of AYP by its aster leafhopper vector.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Campbell, C. L. and L. V. Madden (1990)Introduction to plant disease epidemiology. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Chiykowski, L. N. (1973) The aster yelows complex in North America.Proc. North Central Branch, Entomol. Soc. Am. 28: 60–66.
Cochran, W. G. (1943) Analysis of variance for percentages based on unequal numbers.J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 38: 287–301.
Errampalli, D., J. Fletcher and P. L. Claypool (1991) Incidence of yellows in carrot and lettuce and characterization of mycoplasmalike organism isolates in Oklahoma.Plant Disease 75: 579–584.
Ferriss, R. S. and P. H. Berger (1993) A stochastic simulation model of epidemics of arthropod-vectored plant viruses.Phytopathology 83: 1269–1278.
Gottwald, T. R. and J. J. Graham (1990) Spatial pattern analysis of epidemics of citrus bacterial spot in Florida citrus nurseries.Phytopathology 80: 181–190.
Gottwald, T. R. B. Aubert and Z. Xue-Yuan (1989) Preliminary analysis of citrus greening (Huanglungbin) epidemics in the People's Republic of China and French Reunion Island.Phytopathology 79: 687–693.
Gray, S. M., J. W. Moyer and P. Bloomfield (1986) Two-dimensional distance class models for quantittative description of virus-infected plant distribution lattices.Phytopathology 76: 243–248.
Greig-Smith, P. (1983)Quantitative plant ecology, 3rd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Hoy, C. W., C. E. McMulloch, C. A. Shoemaker and A. M. Shelton (1989) Transition probabilities for Trichoplusia ni (Sepidaptera: Noctuidal) larval on cabbage as a function of microclimate.Environ. Entomol. 18: 187–194.
Hoy, C. W., S. E. Heady and T. A. Koch (1992) Species composition, phenology and possible origins of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) in Ohio vegetable crops.J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 2336–2343.
Hudelson, B. D., M. K. Clayton, K. P. Smith, D. I. Rouse and C. D. Upper (1989) Nonrandom patterns of bacterial brown spot in snap bean row segments.Phytopathology 79: 674–681.
Hughes, G. and L. V. Madden (1992) Aggregation and incidence of disease.Plant Pathol. 41: 657–660.
Hughes, G. and L. V. Madden (1993) Using the beta-binomial distribution to describe aggregated patterns of disease incidence.Phytopathology 83: 759–763.
Hughes, G. and L. V. Madden (1994) Aggregation and incidence of disease: Some implications for sampling.Aspects Appl. Biol. 37: 25–31.
Hughes, G. and L. V. Madden (1995) Some methods allowing for aggregated patterns of disease incidence in the analysis of data from designed experiments.Plant Pathol. (in press_
Irwin, J. O. (1954) A distribution arising in the study of infectious diseases.Biometrika 41: 266–268.
Kunkel, L. O. (1926) Studies on aster yellows.Am. J. Bot. 13: 646–705.
Looney, S. W. and T. R. Gulledge, Jr. (1985) Use of the correlation coefficient with normal probability plots.Am. Statistician 39: 75–79.
Madden, L. V. (1989) Dynamic nature of within-field disease and pathogen distributions. pp. 96–126.In M. J. Jeger (ed.)Spatial components of plant disease epidemics. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Madden, L. V. and C. L. Campbell (1990) Nonlinear disease progress curves. pp. 181–229.In J. Kranz (ed.)Epidemics of plant diseases; Mathematical analysis and modeling. 2nd edition. Springer, Berlin.
Madden, L. V. and G. Hughes (1994) BBD-Computer software for fitting the beta-binomial distribution to disease incidence data.Plant Disease 78: 536–540.
Madden, L. V. and G. Hughes (1995) Plant disease incidence: distributions, heterogeneity, and temporal analysis.Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 33: 529–564.
Madden, L. V., G. Hughes and M. A. Ellis (1995) Spatial heterogeneity of the incidence of grape downy mildew.Phytopathology 85: 269–275.
Madden, L. V., G. Louie, J. J. Abt and J. K. Knoke (1982) Evaluation of tests for randomness of infected plants.Phytopathology 72: 195–198.
Madden, L. V., T. P. Pirone and B. Raccah (1987) Analysis of spatial patterns of virus-diseased tobacco plants.Phytopathology 77: 1409–1417.
Mak, T. K. (1988) Analysing intraclass correlation for dichotomous variables.Appl. Stat. 37: 344–352.
Minitab Incorporated (1991) Minitab statistical software: MINITAB reference manual, Release 8. Minitab Inc., State College, PA.
Murral, D. J., L. R. Nault, C. W. Hoy, L. V. Madden and S. A. Miller (1996) Effects of temperature and vector age on transmission of two Ohio strains of the aster yellows phytoplasma by the aster leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae).J. Econ. Entomol. (in press)
Nelson, S. C., P. L. Marsh and C. L. Campbell (1992) 2 DCLASS, a two-dimensional distance class analysis software for the personal computer.Plant Disease 76: 427–432.
Neter, J., W. Wasserman and M. H. Kutner (1983)Applied linear regression models. Richard D. Irwin, Inc., IL.
Neyman, J. (1959) Optimal asymptotic tests of composite hypotheses. pp. 213–234.In U. Granander (ed.)Probability and statistics. The Harold Crainer Volume, Wiley, New York.
Reynolds, K. M. and L. V. Madden (1988) Analysis of epidemics using spatio-temporal autocorrelation.Phytopathology 78: 240–246.
Ruesink, W. G. and M. E. Irwin (1986) Soybean mosaic virus epidemiology: a model and some implications. pp. 295–313In G. D. McLean, R. G. Garrett and W. G. Ruesink (eds.)Plant virus epidemics: Monitoring, modelling, and predicting outbreaks. Academic Press, Sydney.
Shiyomi, M. and A. Takai (1979) The spatial pattern of infected or infested plants and negative hypergeometric series.Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 23: 224–229.
Sinclair, W. A. and H. M. Griffiths (1995) Epidemiology of a slow-decline phytoplasmal disease: ash yellows on old-field sites in New York State.Phytopathology 85: 123–128.
Skellam, J. G. (1948) A probability distribution derived from the binomial distribution by regarding the probability of success as variable between sets of trials.J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B 10: 257–261.
Smith, D. M. (1983) Maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of the beta binomial distribution.Appl. Stat. 32: 192–204.
Tarone, R. E. (1979) Testing the goodness of fit of the binomial distribution.Biometrika 66: 585–590.
Taylor, L. R. (1961) Aggregation, variance and the mean.Nature 189: 732–735.
Upton, G. and B. Fingleton (1985)Spatial data analysis by example. Vol. 1: Point pattern and quantitative data. Wiley, Chichester.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Madden, L.V., Nault, L.R., Murral, D.J. et al. Spatial pattern analysis of the incidence of aster yellows disease in lettuce. Res Popul Ecol 37, 279–289 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02515830
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02515830