Abstract
Typical extracorporeal circulation systems subject blood to abnormal and severe physical conditions. The local rate of mechanical hemolysis under such conditions is postulated to be a function of the local rate of mechanical energy dissipation. This hypothesis was tested by examining the rates of hemolysis in four types of flow. The average rate of hemolysis is expressed as a power function of the average dissipation rate. In the absence of cavitation, the lysis rate in all four cases depends on the average dissipation rate raised to the 1·2 power. The constant of proportionality in each case, however, depends on the spatial distribution of dissipation. The more non-uniform the dissipation, the greater the hemolysis rate for the same average dissipation rate. No statistical correlation was found between the tendency of a particular blood to lyse osmotically and the tendency to lyse mechanically.
Sommaire
Les systèmes de circulation extra-corporelles traditionnels soumettent le sang à des conditions physiques anormales et sévères. Le taux d'hémolyse mécanique local, dans de telles conditions, est supposé être une fonction du taux local d'énergie mécanique dissipée. On a contrôlé cette hypothèse en examinant les taux d'hémolyse pour quatre types de circulation. Le taux moyen d'hémolyse s'exprime comme la puissance n.ième du taux moyen de dissipation. En l'absence de turbulence, le taux d'hémolyse dans les quatre cas dépend du taux moyen de dissipation élevé à la puissance 1,2; le coefficient de proportionnalité dans chacun des cas dépend cependant de la distribution spatiale de la dissipation. On constate que moins cette dissipation est uniforme, plus le taux d'hémolyse augmente, pour un même taux de dissipation moyen. Il n'a été trouvé aucune corrélation entre la tendance à l'hémolyse osmotique et la tendance à l'hémolyse mécanique d'un sang particulier.
Zusammenfassung
Die üblichen extrakorporalen Kreislaufsysteme setzen das Blut abnormen und schweren physikalischen Belastungen aus. Die örtliche Geschwindigkeit der unter solchen Bedingungen auftretenden Hämolyse wird als Funktion der örtlichen Geschwindigkeit der Dissipation mechanischer Energie postuliert. Diese Hypothese wurde durch Untersuchung der Hämolyserate bei vier Durchflußtypen getestet. Die mittlere Hämolyserate wird als Potenzfunktion der mittleren Dissipationsrate ausgedrückt. Wenn keine Höhlenbildung vorliegt, hängt in allen vier Fällen die Lyserate von der 1,2ten Potenz der mittleren Dissipationsrate ab. Der Proportionalitätsfaktor hängt jedoch von der räumlichen Verteilung der Dissipation ab. Je uneinheitlicher die Dissipation, um so größer ist die Hämolyserate. Zwischen der Tendenz einer Blutprobe, osmotisch oder mechanisch zu lysieren, konnte keine Korrelation gefunden werden.
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Abbreviations
- c :
-
hematocrit
- E :
-
average rate of energy dissipation,\(\bar \Phi \)
- h :
-
local rate of hemolysis
- k :
-
constant
- K :
-
\(k{{\left( {\overline {\Phi ^n } } \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {\overline {\Phi ^n } } \right)} {\left( {\bar \Phi } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {\bar \Phi } \right)}}^n \)
- n :
-
constant
- N :
-
platen speed in rev/min for Mooney viscometer
- P :
-
local fluid pressure
- Q :
-
fluid flow rate
- R i :
-
inner radius of Mooney viscometer=1·934 in
- R o :
-
outer radius of Mooney viscometer=1·969 in
- Re :
-
Reynolds number for couette flow
- T :
-
experiment time
- T o :
-
measured torque in rheogoniometer
- U i :
-
peripheral velocity of inner cylinder of Mooney viscometer
- V :
-
volume
- α:
-
cone angle of Mooney viscometer=0·947 deg
- ∈:
-
ratio of inner to outer radii for Couette viscometer
- μ:
-
absolute viscosity
- ν:
-
kinematic viscosity
- ρ:
-
fluid density
- Φ:
-
dissipation function, local rate of mechanical energy dissipation
- Ω:
-
relative angular velocity of Mooney viscometer platens
- a :
-
auxiliary units
- c :
-
lumped effect of auxiliary components other than pump
- cp :
-
cone plate viscometer
- ct :
-
couette viscometer
- t :
-
inner cylinder
- p :
-
pump, also used outside parentheses to indicate effects due to downstream pump pressure
- o :
-
outer cylinder
- s :
-
due to pump speed
- t :
-
test section
- −:
-
average over finite volume
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Bluestein, M., Mockros, L.F. Hemolytic effects of energy dissipation in flowing blood. Med. & biol. Engng. 7, 1–16 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02474665
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02474665