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Degradation and restoration of masonry walls of historical buildings

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Abstract

Masonry walls have been tentatively classified according to all the possible combinations of the available original materials of historical buildings: lime, gypsum, hydraulic lime, stone, brick, etc. Fifty potential masonry walls of historical buildings have been assumed on this basis. The possible causes of chemical deterioration of masonries due to interactions among the original materials have been analysed: the potential reasons for chemical degradation are basically conductive to the alkali-amorphous silica reaction (in stones) and, above all, to sulphate salt reactions causing the formation of ettringite and/or thaumasite. In both cases, water plays a basic role in the course of the above-mentioned reactions: only in the presence of moisture-even occurring occasionally-have historical building masonries been subjected to significant deterioration. The recovery of historical buildings is a very delicate operation, since the materials employed in restoration work can interact negatively with some of the compounds that might be present in masonries. Owing to these reactions, the restoration operation can worsen the state of masonries. These reactions cause swelling, pop-out and falling of jointing and rendering mortars applied during the restoration work, as well as of cement grout injections for interior consolidation of structures. Again, ettringite and/or thaumasite may be found as deterioration products, provided that moisture is present in building masonries.

Résumé

On a tenté d'établir une classification des murs de maçonnerie en tenant compte de toutes les combinaisons possibles de matériaux d'origine qui se rencontrent dans les constructions historiques: chaux, plâtre, chaux hydraulique, pierre, brique, etc. Sur cette base on a pris en compte 50 murs de maçonnerie virtuels de constructions historiques.

On a analysé les causes possibles de détérioration chimique des maçonneries dues aux interactions entre les matériaux d'origine: les raisons potentielles de dégradation chimique sont fondamentalement liées à la réaction alcaline de la silice amorphe (dans les pierres) et tout particulièrement aux réactions des sels de sulfates qui déterminent la formation d'ettringite et/ou de thaumasite. Dans les deux cas, l'eau joue un rôle essentiel dans le déroulement des réactions que nous venons de mentionner: c'est seulement en présence d'humidité—même occasionnelle—que les maçonneries de constructions historiques ont subi une détérioration significative.

La rénovation des constructions historiques est une opération très délicate, car il peut se produire une interaction négative entre les matériaux employés dans les travaux de restauration et certains des composants présents dans les maçonneries; pour cette raison, l'opération de restauration peut aggraver l'état des maçonneries. Ces réactions déterminent gonflement, cratères et effritement des mortiers de jointoiement et de revêtement appliqués pendant le travail de restauration, comme pendant les injections de coulis de ciment pour la consolidation interne des structures. De nouveau, on peut constater l'action défavorable de l'ettringite et/ou de la thaumasite en présence d'humidité les maçonneries dans des constructions.

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Collepardi, M. Degradation and restoration of masonry walls of historical buildings. Materials and Structures 23, 81–102 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472568

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