Abstract
Fires in the tallgrass prairie are frequent and significantly alter nutrient cycling processes. We evaluated the short-term changes in plant production and microbial activity due to fire and the long-term consequences of annual burning on soil organic matter (SOM), plant production, and nutrient cycling using a combination of field, laboratory, and modeling studies. In the short-term, fire in the tallgrass prairie enhances microbial activity, increases both above-and belowground plant production, and increases nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, repeated annual burning results in greater inputs of lower quality plant residues causing a significant reduction in soil organic N, lower microbial biomass, lower N availability, and higher C:N ratios in SOM. Changes in amount and quality of below-ground inputs increased N immobilization and resulted in no net increases in N availability with burning. This response occurred rapidly (e.g., within two years) and persisted during 50 years of annual burning. Plant production at a long-term burned site was not adversely affected due to shifts in plant NUE and carbon allocation. Modeling results indicate that the tallgrass ecosystem responds to the combined changes in plant resource allocation and NUE. No single factor dominates the impact of fire on tallgrass plant production.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aldous AE (1934) Effect of burning on Kansas bluestem pastures. Kansas Agr. Exp. Stn. Bull. 38. 65 pp
Anderson KL (1965) Time of burning as it affects soil moisture in an ordinary upland bluestem prairie in the Flint Hills. J. Range Manage. 18: 311–316
Anderson KL, Smith EF & Owensby CE (1970) Burning bluestem range. J. Range Manage. 23: 81–92
Biederbeck VO, Campbell CA, Bowren KE, Schnitzer M & McIver RN (1980) Effect of burning cereal straw on soil properties and grain yields in Saskatchewan. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44: 103–111
Bragg TB & Hulbert LC (1976) Woody plant invasion of unburned Kansas Bluestem prairie. J. Range Manage, 29: 19–23
Chapin FS, III (1980) The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11: 233–260
Chapin FS, III, Vitousek PM & van Cleve K (1986) The nature of nutrient limitations in plant communities. Am. Nat. 127: 48–58
Daubenmire R (1968) Ecology of fire in grasslands. Adv. Ecol. Res. 5: 209–266
Dokken DA & Hulbert LC (1978) Effect of standing dead plants on stem density in bluestem prairie. In: Glenn-Lewin DC and Landers RQ Jr (eds) Fifth Midwest Prairie Congference (1976) (pp 78–81). Iowa State University, Ames Iowa
Eisele KA, Schimel DS, Kapustka LA & Parton WJ (1990) Effects of available P and N:P ratios on none-symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in tallgrass prairie soils. Oecologia 79: 471–474
Eno CF (1960) Nitrate production in the field by incubating the soil in polyethylene bags. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 24: 277–278
Hadley EB & Kieckhefer BJ (1963) Productivity of two prairie grasses in relation to fire frequency. Ecology 44: 389–395
Hayes DC & Seastedt TR (1987) Root dynamics of tallgrass prairie in wet and dry years. Can. J. Bot. 65: 787–791
Hobbs NT & Schimel DS (1984) Fire effects on nitrogen mineralization and fixation in mountain shrub and grassland communities. J. Range Manage. 37: 402–405
Hobbs NT, Schimel DS, Owensby CE & Ojima DS (1991) Fire and grazing in the tallgrass prairie: Contingent effects on nitrogen budgets. Ecology 72: 1274–1382
Holland EA & Detling JK (1990) Plant response to herbivory and belowground nitrogen cycling. Ecology 71: 1040–1049
Horton KA (1985) Nitrogen dynamics in dryland wheat-fallow agroecosystems. Ph.D. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Colorado
Hulbert LC (1969) Fire and litter effects in undisturbed bluestem. Ecology 50: 874–877
Hulbert LC (1988) Cause of fire effects in tallgrass prairie. Ecology 69: 46–58
Jenkinson DS & Powlson DS (1976a) The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil. I. Fumigation with chloroform. Soil Biol. Biochem. 8: 167–177
Jenkinson DS & Powlson DS (1976b) The effect of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil. V. A method for determining soil biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 8: 209–213
Knapp AK (1984) Post-burn differences in solar radiation, leaf temperature and water stress influencing production in a lowland tallgrass prairie. Am. J. Bot. 71: 220–227
Knapp AK (1985) Effect of fire and drought on the ecophysiology ofAndropogon gerardii andPanicum virgatum in tallgrass prairie. Ecology 66: 1309–1320
Knapp AK & Seastedt TR (1986) Detritus accumulation limits productivity of tallgrass prairie. BioScience 36: 662–668 or]Kucera CL (1981) Grasslands and fire. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26
Kucera CL & Dahlman RC (1968) Root-rhizome relationships in fire-treated stands of big bluestem,Andropogon gerardii Vitman. Am. Midl. Nat. 80: 268-271
Kucera CL & Ehrenreich JH (1962) Some effects of annual burning on Central Missouri prairie. Ecology 43: 334–336
Launchbaugh JL & Owensby CE (1978) Kansas Rangelands. Their management based on a half century of research. Kansas State University Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 622
Nelson DW & Sommers LE (1980) Total nitrogen analysis for soil and plant tissues. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 63: 770–780
Ojima DS, Parton WJ, Schimel DS & Owensby CE (1990) Simulated impacts of annual burning on prairie ecosystems. In: Collins SL and Wallace LL (eds.) “Fire in North American Grasslands“ (pp 118–132). University of Oklahoma Press, Norman
Old SM (1969) Microclimate, fire, and plant production in an Illinois prairie. Ecol. Monogr. 39: 355–384
Owensby CE & Anderson KL (1967) Yield responses to time of burning in Kansas in Flint Hills. J. Range Manage. 20: 12–16
Parton WJ, Schimel DS, Cole CV & Ojima DS (1987) Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains Grasslands. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51: 1173–1179
Rains JR, Owensby CE & Kemp KE (1975) Effects of nitrogen fertilization, burning, and grazing on reserve constituents of big bluestem. J. Range Manage. 28: 358–362
Rice EL & Parenti RL (1978) Causes decreases in productivity in undisturbed tallgrass prairie. Am. J. Bot. 65: 1091–1097
Risser P & Parton WJ (1982) Ecological analysis of a tallgrass prairie: Nitrogen cycle. Ecology 63: 1342–1351
Schimel DS, Coleman DC & Horton KH (1985) Microbial carbon and nitrogen transformations and soil organic matter dynamics in paired rangeland and cropland catenas. Geoderma 36: 201–214
Schimel DS, Kittel TGF, Knapp AK, Seastedt TR, Parton WJ & Brown VB (1991) Physiological interactions along resource gradients in a tallgrass prairie. Ecology 72: 672–684
Seastedt TR (1988) Mass, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics in foliage and root detritus of tallgrass prairie. Ecology 69: 59–65
Seastedt TR & Ramundo RA (1990) The influence of fire on belowground processes of tallgrass prairie. In: Collins SL and Wallace LL (eds.) “Fire in North American Grasslands“ (pp 118–132). University of Oklahoma Press, Norman
Seastedt TR, Briggs JM & Gibson DJ (1991) Controls of nitrogen limitation in tallgrass prairie. Oecologia 87: 72–79
Sharrow SH & Wright HA (1977) Effects of fire, ash, and litter on soil nitrate, temperature, moisture, and tobosagrass production in the Rolling Plains. J. Range Manage. 30: 266–270
Snyder JD & Trofymow JA (1984) A rapid accurate wet oxidation diffusion procedure for determining organic and inorganic carbon in plant and soil samples. Comm. Soil Sci. Pl. Anal. 15: 587–597
Tilman D (1990) Constraints and tradeoffs: toward a predictive theory of competition and succession. Oikos 58: 3–15
Tilman D & Wedin D (1991) Plant traits and resource reduction for five grasses growing on a nitrogen gradient. Ecology 72: 685–700
Towne G & Owensby CE (1984) Long-term effects of annual burning at different dates in ungrazed Kansas tallgrass prairie. J. Range Manage. 37: 392–397
Vitousek PM (1982) Nutrient cycling and nutrient use efficiency. Am. Nat. 119: 553–572
Vogl RJ (1974) Effects of fire on grasslands. In: Kozlowski TT and Ahlgren CE (eds) (pp 139–194). Academic Press, New York
Voroney RP (1983) Decomposition of crop residues. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
Weaver JE & Rowland NW (1952) Effects of excessive natural mulch on development, yield and structure of native grassland. Bot. Gaz. 114: 1–19
Wedin DA & Tilman D (1990) Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses. Oecologia 84: 433–441
Westerman DT & Crothers SE (1981) Measuring soil nitrogen mineralization under field conditions. Agron. J. 72: 1009–1012
Woodmansee RG & Wallach LS (1981) Effect of fire regimes on biogeochemical cycles. In: Fire Regimes and Ecosystem Properties (p 379–400). U.S. Forest Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ojima, D.S., Schimel, D.S., Parton, W.J. et al. Long- and short-term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling in tallgrass prairie. Biogeochemistry 24, 67–84 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02390180
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02390180