Abstract
Adult male association and its annual change were studied in a wild population of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Unlike many other Japanese macaque troops, adult troop males frequently maintained proximity and exchanged grooming with one another in both the mating and non-mating seasons, and the dominance relationship rarely appeared in such inter-male associations. The few cases of agonistic interactions occurred mostly when estrous females or food resources were immediately concerned. Although troop males were very intolerant to newly appeared solitary males (new males) during the mating season, close associations were formed between troop males and new males as soon as the mating season terminated. The consort of new males and lower-ranking troop males with estrous females was frequently disturbed, but these males could copulate no less frequently than higher-ranking males. A comparison among macaque species suggests the existence of two forms of inter-male association: (1) the frequent association based on the symmetrical exchange of social behaviors; and (2) the infrequent and asymmetrical association related to the dominance relationship. The form of inter-male association seems to be influenced by whether or not males can keep close associations with females throughout the year.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Boelkins, C. R., 1972. Intergroup social dynamics of the Cayo Santiago rhesus (Macaca mulatta) with special reference to changes in group membership by males.Primates, 13: 125–140.
Curie-Cohen, M., D. Yoshihara, L. Luttrell, K. Benforado, J. W. MacCluer &W. H. Stone, 1983. The effects of dominance on mating behavior and paternity in a captive troop of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).Amer. J. Primatol., 5: 127–138.
Drickammer, L. C., 1976. Quantitative observation of grooming behaviour in free-rangingMacaca mulatta.Primates, 17: 323–335.
———— &S. H. Vessey, 1973. Group changing in free-ranging male rhesus monkeys.Primates, 14: 359–368.
Fukuda, F., 1982. Relationship between age and troop shifting in male Japanese monkeys.Jap. J. Ecol., 32: 491–498.
Furuichi, T., 1983. Interindividual distance and influence of dominance on feeding in a natural Japanese macaque troop.Primates, 24: 445–455.
————, 1984. Symmetrical patterns in non-agonistic social interactions found in unprovisioned Japanese macaques.J. Ethol., 2: 109–119.
Furuya, Y., 1957. Grooming behavior in the wild Japanese monkeys.Primates, 1: 47–68. Also in:Japanese Monkeys,K. Imanishi & S. A. Altmann (eds.),S. A. Altmann, Chicago, 1965, pp. 1–29.
Hasegawa, T. & E. Tokita, 1984. Mate selection among Japanese monkeys. Unpublished paper read at 3rd Meeting of Japan Ethological Society, Kyoto, Japan.
Huffman, M. A., 1984. Mount-sequence intrusion and male-male competition inMacaca fuscata.Int. J. Primatol., 5: 349.
Itani, J., 1954. Japanese monkeys in Takasakiyama. In:Nihon Dobutsuki II,K. Imanishi (ed.), Kobun-sha, Tokyo. (in Japanese)
————, 1984. Inequality versus equality for coexistence in primate societies. In:Absolute Values and the New Cultural Revolution, 12th Conference on the Unity of the Sciences, I.C.U.S. Books, New York, pp. 161–189.
Kaufmann, J. H., 1967. Social relations of adult males in a free-ranging band of rhesus monkeys. In:Social Communication Among Primates,S. A. Altmann (ed.), The Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, pp. 73–98.
Koyama, N., 1973. Dominance, grooming and clasped-sleeping relationships among bonnet monkeys in India.Primates, 14: 225–244.
————,A. Asnan &N. Natsir, 1981. Socio-ecological study of the crab-eating monkeys in Indonesia.Kyoto Univ. Overseas Report of Studies on Indonesian Macaque, 1: 1–10.
Lindburg, D. G., 1969. Rhesus monkeys: mating season mobility of adult males.Science, 166: 1176–1178.
————, 1973. Grooming behaviour as a regulator of social interactions in rhesus monkeys. In:Behavioural Regulators of Behaviour in Primates,C. R. Carpenter (ed.), Bucknell Univ. Press, Lewisburg, pp. 124–138.
Maruhashi, T., 1980. Feeding behavior and diet of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan.Primates, 21: 141–160.
————, 1981. Activity patterns of a troop of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan.Primates, 22: 1–14.
————, 1982. An ecological study of troop fissions of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan.Primates, 23: 317–337.
Mori, A., 1975. Signals found in the grooming interactions of wild Japanese monkeys of the Koshima troop.Primates, 16: 107–140.
————, 1977. Intra-troop spacing mechanism of the wild Japanese monkeys of the Koshima troop.Primates, 18: 331–357.
Nishida, T., 1966. A sociological study of solitary male monkeys.Primates, 7: 141–204.
Norikoshi, K. &N. Koyama, 1974. Group shifting and social organization among Japanese monkeys. In:Proc. Symp. 5th Congr. Int. Primat. Soc.,S. Kondo,M. Kawai,A. Ehara &S. Kawamura (eds.), Japan Science Press, Tokyo, pp. 43–61.
Oki, J. &Y. Maeda, 1973. Grooming as a regulator of behavior in Japanese macaques. In:Behavioral Regulators of Behavior in Primates,C. R. Carpenter (ed.), Bucknell Univ. Press, Lewisburg, pp. 149–163.
Sade, D. S., 1972. Sociometrics ofMacaca mulatta: I. Linkages and cliques in grooming matrices.Folia Primatol., 18: 196–223.
Sato, S., 1976. The male bond in matrilineal groups: a sociological re-examination of Japanese monkey troop.Ishikawa-ken Hakusan Shizen Hogo Senta Kenkyu Hokoku, 3: 75–93.
Simonds, P. E., 1965. The bonnet macaque in south India. In:Primate Behavior,I. DeVore (ed.), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, pp. 175–196.
Southwick, C. H., M. A. Beg &M. R. Siddiqi, 1965. Rhesus monkeys in north India. In:Primate Behavior,I. DeVore (ed.), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, pp. 111–159.
Sugawara, K., 1980. Structure of social encounter among solitary males of Japanese macaque.Kikan Jinruigaku, 11: 3–70. (in Japanese)
Sugiyama, Y., 1971. Characteristics of the social life of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata).Primates, 12: 247–266.
————, 1976. Life history of male Japanese monkeys. In:Contemporary Primatology,S. Kondo,M. Kawai &A. Ehara (eds.), In:5th Int. Congr. Primat., S. Karger, Basel, pp. 407–410.
Suzuki, A., K. Wada, S. Yoshihiro, E. Tokita, S. Hara &Y. Aburada, 1975. Population dynamics and group movement of Japanese monkeys in Yokoyugawa Valley, Shiga Heights.Physiol. Ecol. Jpn., 16: 15–23.
Takahata, Y., 1982a. Social relations between adult males and females of Japanese monkeys in the Arashiyama B troop.Primates, 23: 1–23.
————, 1982b. The socio-sexual behavior of Japanese monkeys.Z. Tierpsychol., 59: 89–108.
Takasaki, H. &K. Masui, 1984. Troop composition data of wild Japanese macaques reviewed by multivariate methods.Primates, 25: 308–318.
Wade, T., 1977. Complementarity and symmetry in social relationships of nonhuman primates.Primates, 18: 835–847.
Yamagiwa, J., 1985. Socio-sexual factors of troop fission in wild Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan.Primates, 26: 105–120.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Furuichi, T. Inter-male associations in a wild Japanese macaque troop on Yakushima Island, Japan. Primates 26, 219–237 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382399
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382399