Abstract
The role of microbial control in crop and forest protection and the abatement of insects of medical and veterinary importance has expanded considerably with the discovery and development of new microbial control agents and genetic improvement in bacterial and viral pathogens, and improvements in formulation, application options and compatibility with other interventions. A synopsis of the literature regarding the current use of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and nematodes as microbial control agents is presented along with speculation on their potential in the early 21st century. The most widely used of all microbial control agents isBacillus thuringiensis. The isolation within the past two decades of new strains that are larvicidal for certain Diptera and Coleoptera has increased the utility of the bacterium considerably. Further improvements in efficacy and broadening of its host range are in progress with the isolation of strains with new toxins and the manipulation ofB. thuringiensis genes that encode toxin production using both recombinant and nonrecombinant methods. Genetic manipulation of these genes has also enabled their incorporation into crop plants. The development and commercial availability of entomopathogenic nematodes in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae expands the options for the control of insects, especially those with soil inhabiting stages. The results of natural epizootics of fungi and viruses often obviate the requirement for additional interventions. Breakthroughs in understanding the genetics ofBaculovirus and subsequent gene manipulation have increased their virulence and utility. Improved production methods that utilize insect cell culture technology may enable affordable use ofBaculovirus in the not too distant future. Fungi continue to offer the only control options using entomopathogens against plant sucking insects. Although fungi have great potential for development as microbial control agents, only a few have been used on an operational scale. Some factors that might limit the full range of entomopathogen potential, including development of resistance, are discussed. Because of their selectivity and minimal environmental impact, microbial control agents will be ideal components of integrated pest management programs in the early 21st century and beyond. However, if they are used merely as replacements for chemical pesticides, then eventually these agents will face some of the same fate as the chemicals they replace, particularly with respect to resistance.
Résumé
Le rôle de la lutte microbiologique dans la protection des cultures et des forêts et dans la limitation des insectes d'intérêt médical ou vétérinaire s'est accru considérablement avec la découverte et la mise au point de nouveaux agents de lutte microbiologique, l'amélioration génétique des pathogènes bactériens et viraux et les améliorations dans la formulation, les choix d'application et la compatibilité avec d'autres formes d'interventions. Une synthèse bibliographique de l'utilisation actuelle des bactéries, virus, champignons, protozoaires et nématodes en tant qu'agents de lutte microbiologique est présentée en même temps qu'une réflexion sur leurs potentialités à l'aube du XXIe siècle. L'agent microbiologique le plus largement utilisé estBacillus thuringiensis. L'isolation, au cours des deux décennies précédentes, de nouvelles souches larvicides pour certains Diptères et Coléoptères a fortement augmenté l'utilité de la bactérie. D'autres améliorations de l'efficacité et l'élargissement de son spectre d'hôtes sont en cours, grâce à l'isolation de souches produisant de nouvelles toxines et à la manipulation de gènes deB. thuringiensis codant une production de toxines à l'aide de méthodes recombinante et non-recombinante. La manipulation génétique de ces gènes a aussi permis leur introduction dans des plantes cultivées. Le développement et la commercialisation de nématodes entomopathogènes des familles Steinermatidae et Heterorhabditidae élargissent la gamme des agents disponibles pour la lutte contre les insectes, notamment pour ceux présentant des stades de développement dans le sol. Les épizooties naturelles de champignons et virus évitent souvent le recours à des interventions supplémentaires. Le bond en avant fait dans la compréhension de la génétique des Baculovirus et la manipulation de gènes qui a suivi a accru leur virulence et leur utilité. L'amélioration des méthodes de production qui utilisent la technologie de la culture de cellules d'insectes pourra permettre, dans un avenir assez proche, l'utilisation des baculovirus à un coût raisonnable. Les champignons restent les seuls agents entomopathogènes utilisables contre les phytophages suceurs. Bien que les champignons présentent une forte possibilité de développement en tant qu'agents de lutte microbiologique, seuls un petit nombre d'entre eux ont été utilisés à une grande échelle. Certains facteurs qui pourraient limiter leur potentiel, incluant le développement de résistance, sont discutés. En raison de leur sélectivité et de leur faible impact sur l'environnement, les agents de lutte microbiologique seront des éléments très intéressants pour la lutte contre les ravageurs pour le début du XXIe siècle et au-delà. Cependant, s'ils sont utilisés surtout comme des éléments de remplacement de pesticides chimiques, il se peut que ces agents aient à faire face par la suite aux mêmes difficultés que les produits chimiques qu'ils remplacement, en particulier sur le plan de la résistance.
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Lacey, L.A., Goettel, M.S. Current developments in microbial control of insect pests and prospects for the early 21st century. Entomophaga 40, 3–27 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372677
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372677