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The effect of a sprinkler on the stability of a smoke layer beneath a ceiling

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Abstract

A study has been made of the effect of sprinkler sprays on hot buoyant smoke layers with particular reference to covered shopping malls.

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Abbreviations

A :

Cross-sectional area of drop, m2

B :

Buoyancy force, N

C D :

Drag coefficient, dimensionless

C d :

Discharge coefficient, dimensionless

D :

Drag force, N

d :

Drop diameter, m

h :

Depth of hot layer, m

k :

Drag constant of proportionality, kg m−1

\(\dot M\) :

Mass flow rate of water, kg s−1

m :

Mass of drop, kg

p :

Pressure, N m−2

T :

Absolute temperature, ° K

v :

Velocity of drop, m s−1

μ :

Absolute coefficient of viscosity, Ns m−2

ρ :

Density, kg m−3

ϑ :

Temperature difference, ° C

a :

Referring to air

c :

Referring to the condition when drag and buoyancy forces are equal

o :

Referring to ambient datum conditions

to :

Referring to water

References

  1. Hinkley, P. L., “A Preliminary Note on the Movement of Smoke in an Enclosed Shopping Mall,” Fire Research Station, Fire Research Note 806, Borehamwood, 1970.

  2. Hinkley, P. L., “Some Notes on the Control of Smoke in Enclosed Shopping Centres,” Fire Research Station, Fire Research Note 875, Borehamwood, 1971.

  3. Heselden, A. J. M., “Fire Problems of Pedestrian Precincts. Part 1. The Smoke Production of Various Materials,” Fire Research Station, Fire Research Note 856, Borehamwood, 1971.

  4. Heselden, A. J. M., Wraight, H. G. H., and Watts, P. R. H., “Fire Problems in Pedestrian Precincts. Part 2. Large Scale Experiments With a Shaft Vent,” Fire Research Station, Fire Research Note 954, Borehamwood, 1972.

  5. D'Auria, C., “Protection Against Fire in Garages,” Anticendio e Protezione Civile, Vol. 9 (1973), pp. 640–642.

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  6. Operation School Burning, Los Angeles Fire Department, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Vol. 1 (1959), Vol. 2 (1961).

  7. Massey, B. S.,Mechanics of Fluids, Van Nostrand, New York (1968).

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  8. Morgan, H. P. and Bullen, M. L., “The Extraction of Smoke by a Ducted Water Spray,” Fire Research Station, Fire Research Note 1010, Borehamwood, 1974.

  9. Yao, C. and Kalelkar, A. S., “Effect of Drop Size on Sprinkler Performance,”Fire Technology, Vol. 6, No. 4 (1970), pp. 254–68.

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  10. Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installations, 29th Edition. Fire Offices' Committee, London, 1968.

  11. O'Dogherty, M. J., Nash, P. and Young, R. A., “A Study of the Performance of Automatic Sprinkler Systems.” Fire Research Station, Fire Research Technical Paper No. 17. H. M. Stationery Office, 1966.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Building Research Establishment Fire Research Station, USA

    M. L. Bullen

Authors
  1. M. L. Bullen
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Bullen, M.L. The effect of a sprinkler on the stability of a smoke layer beneath a ceiling. Fire Technol 13, 21–34 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02338883

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02338883

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