Skip to main content
Log in

The priorities established among data sources when instructional designers revise written materials

  • Development
  • Published:
Educational Technology Research and Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The objective of the study was to investigate the priorities instructional designers establish among data sources when they revise written materials and the relationship of their practice to standard models of formative evaluation.

Two modules of printed instructional material were revised by each of eight experienced instructional designers under three treatment conditions, using a counterbalanced design. Data were collected using a think-aloud procedure. The think-aloud protocol was segmented, coded and analysed.

Results show that instructional designers were significantly more likely to incorporate their own knowledge into revisions than to use feedback data, and when they did use feedback data, they preferred learner comments. They did not accurately assess their use of their own knowledge or of feedback data; they thought they used feedback data more than the results showed.

These instructional designers reflected some aspects of the standard instructional design model when they revised instructional materials, but their experience has caused many of the procedures to become internalized, so they are invisible in the protocols.

This research was funded in part by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baker, E.L. (1974). The role of the evaluator in instructional development. In G.D. Borich (Ed.),Evaluating educational programs and products. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. (pp. 56–73).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordonaro, T. (1993).A comparison of the effectiveness, cost, and efficiency of four formative evaluation conditions. Unpublished master's thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciesla, J. (1976, April).The effects of various formative evaluation procedures on instructional material revision in a large scale individualized science curriculum development project. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.

  • Davidove, E.A., & Reiser, R.A. (1991). Comparative acceptibility and effectiveness of teacher-revised and designer-revised instruction.Educational Technology Research and Development, 39(2), 29–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, W. (1968). A methodology for the formative evaluation of instructional materials.Journal of Educational Measurement, 5(2), 99–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dick, W., & Carey, L. (1990).The systematic design of instruction. (3rd ed.). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, W., & Carey, L. (1991). Formative evaluation. In L.J. Briggs, K.L. Gustafson, & M.H. Tillman (Eds.),Instructional design: Principles and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijkstra, S. (1991, April).The instructional design for teaching to solve well- and ill-structured problems. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.

  • Ericsson, K.A., & Simon, H.A. (1980). Verbal reports as data.Psychological Review, 87(3), 215–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, K.A., & Simon, H.A. (1993).Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. (Revised edition) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flower, L., Carey, L., & Hayes, J.R., (1985).Diagnosis in revision: The experts' opinion. (Technical Report No. 27). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie-Mellon University, Communications Design Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Israeloff, A. (1992).Comparison of feedback generated by experts and learners during formative evaluation. Unpublished master's thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandaswamy, S. (1980). Sequential model for appraising instructional superiority of revised materials.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 28(3), 186–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandaswamy, S., Stolovitch, H., & Thiagarajan, S. (1976). Learner verification and revision: An experimental comparison of two methods.Audio-Visual Communication Review, 24(3), 316–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krippendorff, K. (1980).Content Analysis. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Maistre, K. (1991, April).Revision: The missing link. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.

  • Markle, S.M. (1989). The ancient art of formative evaluation.Performance and Instruction, August 1989, 27–29

  • McCormick, R. (1976). Evaluation of Open University course materials.Instructional Science 5. Amsterdam: Elsevier Printing, 189–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathenson, M.B. & Henderson, E.S. (1980).Using student feedback to improve learning materials. London: Croom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A., & Simon, H.A. (1972).Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc. (Chapter 14, pp. 787–868).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahilly, T.J. (1991).An analysis of three learner-based formative evaluation conditions. Unpublished master's thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, G. (1992). What do instructional designers actually do? An initial investigation of expert practice.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 5(2), 65–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, G. (1993). Designing and instructional design.Educational Technology Research and Development, 41(1), 79–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saroyan, A. (1989).The review process in formative evaluation of instructional text: The role of content experts and instructional designers. Unpublished doctoral thesis. McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.L., & Wedman, J.F., (1988). Read-thinkaloud protocols: A new data source for formative evaluation.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 1(2), 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiagarajan, S. (1978). Instructional product verification and revision: 20 questions and 200 speculations.Educational Communication and Technology Journal 26(2), 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, D. (1994).An analysis of the role of expert reviewers in formative evaluation. Master's thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winn, W. (1990). Some implications of cognitive theory for instructional design.Instructional Science, 19, 53–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Le Maistre, K., Weston, C. The priorities established among data sources when instructional designers revise written materials. ETR&D 44, 61–70 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02300326

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02300326

Keywords

Navigation