Abstract
Finding considerable agreement in their previous writings regarding the singular types of learning outcomes, the authors affirm a need to identify learning goals that require an integration of multiple objectives. The occurrence of multiple objectives is frequently encountered when instruction must reach beyond the individual topic or single lesson to the module, section, or course. It is proposed that such integration of objectives be conceived in terms of the pursuit of a comprehensive purpose in which the learner is engaged, called anenterprise. Given such an integrative goal of performance resulting from instruction, the various single objectives are viewed as being integrated as constituents of anenterprise schema. Three varieties of enterprise and their associated enterprise schemas are described, designated by their goals asdenoting, manifesting, anddiscovering. It is suggested that instructional design procedures include provisions for the learning of enterprise schemas when the integration of multiple objectives is required. Such schemas are also seen as playing a facilitating role in transfer of training.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brewer, W. F. (1987). Schemas versus mental models in human memory. In P. Morris (Ed.),Modeling cognition. New York: Wiley.
Brooks, L. W., & Dansereau, D. F. (1987). Transfer of information: An instructional perspective. In S. M. Cormier & J. D. Hagman (Eds.),Transfer of learning: Contemporary research and applications. New York: Academic Press.
Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning.Educational Researcher, January–February, 32–42.
Bunderson, C. V., Gibbons, A. S., Olsen, J. B., & Kearsley, G. P. (1981). Work models: Beyond instructional objectives.Instructional Science, 10, 205–215.
Gagné, R. M. (1985).The conditions of learning (4th ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Gentner, D., & Stevens, A. L. (1983).Mental models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1987). The cognitive basis of knowledge transfer. In S. M. Cormier & J. D. Hagman (Eds.),Transfer of learning: Contemporary research and applications. New York: Academic Press.
Gray, W. D., & Orasanu, J. M. (1987). Transfer of cognitive skills. In S. M. Cormier & J. D. Hagman (Eds.),Transfer of learning: Contemporary research and applications. New York: Academic Press.
Maier, N. R. F. (1931). Reasoning in humans: II. The solution of a problem and its appearance in consciousness.Journal of Comparative Psychology, 12, 181–194.
Mayer, R. E. (1989). Models for understanding.Review of Educational Research, 59, 43–64.
Merrill, M. D. (1987). A lesson based on the Component Display Theory. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.),Instructional theories in action: Lessons illustrating selected theories and models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Merrill, M. D., Li, Z., & Jones, M. K. (in press a). Limitations of first generation instructional design.Educational Technology, 30(1).
Merrill, M. D., Li, Z., & Jones, M. K. (in press b). Second generation instructional design.Educational Technology, 30(2).
Minsky, M. (1986).The society of mind. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Reigeluth, C. M. (Ed.) (1983).Instructional design theories and models: An overview of their current status. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Reigeluth, C. M. (Ed.) (1987).Instructional theories in action: Lessons illustrating selected theories and models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rumelhart, D. E., & Norman, D. A. (1978). Accretion, tuning, and restructuring. Three modes of learning. In J. W. Cotton & R. Klatzky (Eds.),Semantic factors in cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gagné, R.M., Merrill, M.D. Integrative goals for instructional design. ETR&D 38, 23–30 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02298245
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02298245