Abstract
The volatile compounds emitted by leaves of four crabapple cultivars susceptible to damage by Japanese beetles and four relatively resistant cultivars were examined. Twelve compounds, mostly terpene hydrocarbons, were identified from intact leaves. The terpenes (E)-β-ocimene, caryophylene, germacrene D and (E,E)-α-farnesene occurred in significantly higher levels in susceptible cultivars, whereas resistant cultivars produced greater amounts of (E)-4,8-dimethyl 1,3,7-nonatriene and linalool. The relative attractiveness of the cultivars as determined in a pitfall bioassay, however, was not related to their susceptibility to the Japanese beetle as previously determined by defoliation sustained in the field. The attractiveness of individual cultivars was found to be positiviely correlated with linalool as a percent of the total volatile blend emitted by leaves. This study and previous work suggest that variation in susceptibility of crabapple cultivars to defoliation by Japanese beetles is not due to the attractiveness of the individual cultivars but rather to nonvolatile components of susceptibility and/or resistance. A scenario for host location by the Japanese beetle is presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad, S. 1982. Host location by the Japanese beetle: Evidence for a key role for olfaction in a highly polyphagous insect.J. Exp. Zool. 220:117–120.
Campbell, C. A. M., Pettersson, J., Pickett, J. A., Wadhams, L. J., andWoodcock, C. M. 1993. Spring migration of damson-hop aphid,Phorodon humuli (Homoptera, Aphididae), and summer host plant-derived semiochemicals released on feeding.J. Chem. Ecol. 19:1569–1576.
Bauer, K. andGarbe, D. 1985. Common Flavor and Fragrance Materials. VCH Publishers, Deerfield Beach, Florida, p. 18.
Bernays, E. A., andChapman, R. F. 1994. Host-Plant Selection by Phytophagous Insects. Chapman & Hall, New York, p. 104.
Finch, S., andSklinner, G. 1982. Trapping cabbage root flies in traps baited with plant extracts and with natural and synthetic isothiocyanates.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 31:133–139.
Fleming, W. E. 1972. Biology of the Japanese beetle. U.S. Department of Agriculture Tech. Bull. 1449. Washington, D.C. 129 pp.
Gaydou, E. M., Randrimiharisoa, R., andBianchini, J.-P. 1986. Composition of the essential oil of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook Fil. et Thomsonforma genuina) from Madagascar.J. Agric. Food Chem. 34:481–487.
Heath, R. R., Epsky, N. D., Deuben, Guzman, A., andAndrade, L. E., 1994. Gamma radiation effect on production of four pheromonal components of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae).J. Econ. Entomol. 87:904–909.
Hollander, M., andWolfe, D. A. 1973. Nonparametric Statistical Methods. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 138–146.
Iwabuchi, K., andTakahashi, J. 1983. Aggregative distribution pattern of the Japanese beetle,Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), and the role of former occupants in the formation of an aggregation.Appl. Entomol. Zool. 18:324–329.
Košťál, V. 1992. Orientation behavior of newly hatched larvae of the cabbage maggot,Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) to volatile plant metabolites.J. Insect Behav. 5:61–70.
Ladd, T. L., andMcGovern, T. P. 1980. Japanese beetle: A superior attractant, phenethyl propionate + eugenol + geraniol 3∶7∶3.J. Econ. Entomol. 73:689–691.
Lance, D. R. 1983. Host-seeking behavior of the gypsy moth: The influence of polyphagy and highly apparent host plants, pp. 201–223,in S. Ahmad (ed.) Herbivorous Insects: Host-Seeking Behavior and Mechanisms. Academic Press, New York.
Langford, G. S., Muma, M. H., andCory, E. N. 1943. The attractiveness of certain plant constituents to the Japanese beetle.J. Econ. Entomol. 36:248–252.
Loughrin, J. H., Potter, D. A. andHamilton-Kemp, T. R. 1995. Volatile compounds induced by herbivory act as aggregation kairomones for the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman).J. Chem. Ecol. 21:1457–1466.
Major, R. T., andTietz, H. J. 1962. Modification of the resistance ofGinkgo biloba leaves to attack by Japanese beetles.J. Econ. Entomol. 55:272.
May, M. L., andAhmad, S. 1983. Host location in the Colorado potato beetle: Searching mechanism in relation to oligopagy, pp. 173–200,in S. Ahmad (ed.), Herbivorous Insects: Host-Seeking Behavior and Mechanisms Academic Press, New York.
Schwartz, P. H., andHamilton, D. W. 1968. Attractants for the Japanese beetle.J. Econ. Entomol. 62:516–517.
Sokal, R. R. andRohlf, F. J. 1981. Biometry W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, pp. 232–242.
Smith, L. B. 1924. The Japanese beetle.N. J. Dept. Agric. Bull. 41:55–63.
Smith, L. B., andHadley, C. H. 1926. The Japanese beetle. U.S. Department of Agriculture Circ. 363, 67 pp.
Spicer, P. G., Potter, D. A., andMcNiel, R. E. 1995. Resistance of flowering crabapple cultivars to defoliation by the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).J. Econ. Entomol. 88:979–985.
Sutherland, O. R. W., Wearing, C. H., andHuthchins, R. F. N. 1977. Production of α-farnesene, an attraction and oviposition stimulant for codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella), by developing fruit of ten varieties of apple.J. Chem. Ecol. 3:625–631.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Loughrin, J.H., Potter, D.A., Hamilton-Kemp, T.R. et al. Volatile compounds from crabapple (Malus spp.) cultivars differing in susceptibility to the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman). J Chem Ecol 22, 1295–1305 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02266966
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02266966