Skip to main content
Log in

What happens to patients with rheumatoid arthritis? The long-term outcome of treatment

  • Review
  • Published:
Clinical Rheumatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Rasker, J.J., Cosh, J.A. The natural history of RA. A fifteen year follow-up study. Clin Rheumtol 1984, 3, 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Scott, D.L., Symmons, D.P.M., Coulton, B.L., Porort, A.J. The long-term outcome of treating rheumatoid arthritis: results after 20 years. Lancet 1987, i, 1108–1111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Fries, J.F., Spitz, P., Kraines, R.G., Holman, H.R. A measurement of patient outcome in arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1980, 23, 137–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Pincus, T., Callahan, L.F. Formal education as a marker for increased mortality and morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Chron Dis 1985, 38, 973–984.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Badley, L.A. Psychological aspects of arthritis. Bull Rheum Dis 1985, 35 (4).

  6. Yeslin, E., Meenan, R., Nevitt, M., Epstein, W. Work disability in rheumatoid arthritis: effects of disease, social and work factors. Ann Intern Med 1980, 93, 551–556.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Stone, D. The disabled state. Philadelphia. Temple University Press 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Moran, H., Chen, S., Murden, K.D. et al. A comparison of rheumatoid arthritis in Australia and China. Ann Rheum Dis 1986, 45, 572–578.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Moolenburgh, J.D., Valkenburg, H., Fovrie, P.B. A population study on rheumatoid arthritis in Lesotho, Southern Africa. Ann Rheum Dis 1986, 45, 691–695.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Pinals, R.S., Masi, A.T., Larsen, R.A. Preliminary criteria for clinical remission in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1981, 24, 1308–1315.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Short, C.L., Bauer, W., Reynolds, W.E. Rheumatoid arthritis. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Duthie, J.J.R., Brown, P.E., Knox, J.D.E. et al. Cause and prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1957, 16, 411–424.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Duthie, J.J.R., Brown, P.E., Knox, J.D.E. et al. Cause and prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1957, 16, 411–424.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Short, C.L. Long remissions in rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine 1964, 43, 401–406.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brown, J.H., Kazis, L.E., Spitz, P.W., Gertman, P., Fries, J.F., Meenan, C.F. The dimensions of health outcomes: a cross-validated examination of health status measurements. Am J Public Health 1984, 74, 159–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Steinbrocker, O., Traeger, C.H., Battman, R.C. Therapeutic criteria in rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 1949, 140, 659–62.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Fries, J.F. The dimensions of health outcomes: the health assessment questionnaire. J Rheumatol 1982, 74, 786–793.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Meenan, R.F. The AIMS approach to health status. Conceptual background and measurement properties. J Rheumatol 1982, 9, 785–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tugwell, P., Bombardier, C., Burchanan, W.W., Goldsmith, C.H., Grace, E., Hanna, B. The MACTAR patient preference disability questionnaire—an individualized functional priority approach for assessing improvement in physical disability in clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1987, 14, 446–451.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ball, J. Post mortem findings and articular pathology in rheumatoid arthritis. In: Rheumatic Diseases: Pfizer Medical Monograph. No. 3. Eds: Duthie, J.J.R. & Alexander, W.R.M. Univerity Press Edinburgh. 1968, p. 124–30.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Vapra, A.N., Pokk, L.R. Death causes of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Vopr Revm 1976, 4, 28–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Constable, T.J., McConkey, B., Paton, A. The cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1978, 37, 569.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mutru, O., Koota, I.C., Isomaki, H. Causes of death in autopsied RA patients. Scand J Rheumatol 1976, 5, 239–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. World Health Organization. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death, 8th revision. Geneva 1967.

  25. Ritchie, D., Boyle, J.A., McInnes, J.M. et al. Clinical studies with an articular index for the assessment of joint tenderness in patients' rheumatoid arthritis. Q J Med 1968, 37, 393–406.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Scott, J.t., Huskisson, E.C. Graphic representation of pain. Pain 1976, 2, 175–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. McConkey, B., Crockson, R.A., Crockson, A.P. The assessment of rheumatoid arthritis. A study based on measurements of serum acute-phase reactants. Q J Med 1972, 41, 115–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Pepys, M.B. C-reactive protein fifty years on. Lancet 1981, i, 653–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Dixon, J.S., Bird, H.A., Pickup, M.E. et al. A human model screening system for the detection of specific anti-rheumatic activity. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1981, 12, 185–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Wright, V., Dixon, J.S., Bird, H.A. Therapeutic significance of laboratory results in rheumatic disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1985, 15, 8–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sharp, J.T., Lidsky, M.L., Collins, L.C. et al. Methods of scoring the progression of radiologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation of radiologic, clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Arthritis Rheum 1971, 14, 706–720.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Larsen, A., Dale, K., Eck, M. Radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions by standard reference films. Acta Radiol (Stockh) 1977, 18, 481–491.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Larsen, A., Edgren, J., Harja, E. Interobserver variation in the evaluation of radiological changes of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1979, 8, 109–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. De Carvalho A. Discriminative power of Larsen's grading system for assessing the course of rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Radiol [Diagn], 1981, 22, 77–80.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Grindulis, K.A., Scott, D.L., Smithers, G.R. The assessment of radiographical progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 1983, 3, 39–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Scott, D.L., Coulton, B.L., Bacon, P.A. et al. Method of X-ray assessment in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1985, 24, 31–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sharp, J.T., Bluhm, G.B., Brook, A. et al. Reproducibility of multiobserver scoring of radiologic abnormalities in the hands and wrists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1985, 28, 16–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sharp, J.T., Young, D.Y., Bluhm, G.B. et al. How many joints in the hand and wrist should be included in a score of radiological abnormalities used to assess rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum 1985, 28, 1326–1335.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Fries, J.F., Bloch, D.A., Sharp, J.R. et al. Assessment of radiologic progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1986, 29, 1–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Trentham, D.E., Masi, A.T. Carpo-metacarpal radio. A new quantitative measure of radiologic progression of wrist involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1976, 19, 939–944.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rushton, A., Bird, H.A., Wright, V. Assessment of X-ray progression in a controlled therapeutic study using a new visual analogue scoring system. Abstracts of the Heberden Society Annual Meeting, London, 1982, p. 44.

  42. Genant, H.K., Doi, K., Mall, J.C. Optical versus radiographic magnification for fine detail skeletal radiography. Invest Radiol 1975, 10, 160–172.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Genant, H.K., Doi, K., Mall, J.C., Sickles, E.A. Direct radiographic magnification for skeletal radiography: an assessment of image quality and clinical application. Radiology 1976, 123, 47–55.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Buckland-Wright, J.C. Microfocal radiographic examination of erosions in the wrist and hand of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1984, 160–171.

  45. Buckland-Wright, J.C., Carmichael, L., Walker, S.R. Quantitative microfocal radiography accurately detects joint changes in rheumatoid arthritis.

  46. Buckland-Wright X-ray assessment of activity in rheumatoid disease. Br J Rheumatol 1983, 1, 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gaydelki, P.A., Browne, M., Mamtora, H. et al. Measurement of radiographic changes occurring in rheumatoid arthritis by image analysis techniques. Ann Rheum Dis 1987, 46, 296–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fletcher, E., Lewis-Faning, E. Chronic rheumatic diseases with special reference to chronic arthritis: survey based on 1000 cases. Post Grad Med J 1945, 21, 1–13, 54–63, 137–146, 176–185.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Nissen, H.A. Significance of life course of the chronic arthritic. Maine M J 1935, 26, 181–189.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bywaters, E.G.L., Dresner, E. The prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Q J Med 1952, 21, 463.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hench, P.S. Chronic arthritis. In: Modern Medical Therapy in General Practice. Ed. Barr, D.P. Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins Co., 1940, Vol 3, pp 3298–3397.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Masi, A.T., Feigenbaum, S.L., Kaplan, S.B. Articular patterns in the early course of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 1983, 30, 16–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Isomaki, H., Martio, J., Sarna, S., Kivinigm, I., Akimova, T., Ievleva, L., Mylov, N., Trofimova, T. Predicting the outcome of rheumatoid arthritis.

  54. Short, C.L., Bauer, W. The course of rheumatoid arthritis in patients receiving simple medical and orthopaedic measures. NEJM 1948, 238, 142–148.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Duthie, J.J.R., Brown, P.E., Truelove, L.H., Baragar, F.D., Lawrie, A.J. Course and prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis: a further report. Ann Rheum Dis 1964, 23, 193–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Scott, D.L., Coulton, B.L., Chapman, J.H., Bacon, P.A., Popert, A.J. The long term effects of treating RA. J R Coll Physisians (Lond) 1983, 17, 79–85.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Amor, B., Herson, D., Cherot, A., Delbarre, F. Polyarthrites rhumatoides evolvant depuis plus de 10 ans (1966–1978). Analyse de l'evolution et des traitements de 11 cas. Ann Med Interne 1981, 132, 168–173.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ragan, C.H., Farringdon, E. The clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 1962, 181, 663–667.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Jacoby, R.K., Jayson, M.I.V., Cosh, J.A. Onset, early stages and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical study of 100 patients with 11 year follow-up. Br Med J 1973, ii, 96–100.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Pincus, T., Callahan, L.F., Sale, W.G., Brooks, A.L., Payne, L.E., Vaughn, W.K. Severe functional declines, worse disability, and increased mortality in seventy-five rheumatoid arthritis patients studied over nine years. Arthritis Rheum 1984, 27, 864–872.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. O'Sullivan, J.B., Cathcart, E.S. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis: follow-up evaluation of the effect of criteria on rates in Sudbury, Massachusetts. Ann Intern Med 1972, 76, 573–577.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sherrer, Y.S., Block, D.A., Mitchell, D.M., Young, D.Y., Fries, J.F. The development of disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1986, 29, 494–500.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Isacson, J., Allander, E., Brastrom, L.A. A seventeen year follow-up of a population survey of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1987, 16, 145–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Cobb, S., Anderson, F., Bauer, W. Length of life and cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. New Engl J Med 1953, 249, 553–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Reach, T.G. The prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Proc R Soc 1963, 56, 813–7.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Uddin, J., Kraus, A.S., Kelly, H.G. Survivorship and death in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1970, 13, 125–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Isomaki, H.A., Mutru, O., Koota, I.C. Death rate and causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1975, 4, 205–8.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Koota, K., Isomaki, H., Mutru, O. Death rate and causes of death during a period of 5 years. Scand J Rheumatol 1977, 6, 241–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Mutru, O., Laakso, M., Isomaki, H. et al. Ten year mortality and causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Med 1985, 290, 1797–9.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Monson, R.R., Hall, A.P. Mortality among arthritics. J Chron Dis 1976, 29, 459–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Linos, A., Worthington, J.W., O'Fallon, W.M. et al. The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota: A study of its incidence, prevalence and mortality. Am J Epidemiod 1980, 111, 87–98.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Lewis, P., Hazelman, B.L., Hanna, R. et al. Causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with particular reference to azathioprine.

  73. Allebeck, P., Ahlborn, A., Allander, E. Increased mortality among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but were RA does not appear on the death certificate. J Rheumatol 1981, 10, 301–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rasker, J.J., Cosh, J.A. Cause and age at death in a prospective study of 100 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1981, 40, 115–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Allebeck, P. Increased mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1982, 11, 81–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Vandenbroucke, J.P., Hazevoet, H.M., Cats, A. Survival and cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis: a 25-year prospective follow-up. J Rheumatol 1984, 11, 158–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Prior, P., Symmons, D.P.M., Scott, D.L. et al. Cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1984, 23, 92–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mitchell, D.M., Spitz, P.M., Young, D.Y. et al. Survival, prognosis and causes of death in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1986, 29, 706–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Burch, T.A. Mortality from rheumatoid arthritis in the United States 1959–61, Eds: Bennett, P.H., Wood, P.H.N. in: population studies of the Rheumatoid Disease Excerpta Medica Amsterdam 1968, 39–42.

  80. Gaulhoefer-de Klerck, E.H., Van Dam G. Septic complications in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Rheum Scand 1963, 9, 254–63.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Huskisson, E.C., Hart, F.D. Severe, unusual and recurrent infections in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1972, 31, 118–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Rimoin, D.L., Wennberg, J.E. Acute septic arthritis complicating chronic rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Med Assoc 1966, 196, 617–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Davis, R.F., Engleman, E.G. Incidence of myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1974, 17, 527–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Czaplicki, S., Gietka, J., Sulek, K. The frequency of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Cor Vasa 1978, 20, 249–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Masotti, G., Galann G., Poggesi, L. et al. Differential inhibition of prostacyclin production and platelet aggregation by aspirin. Lancet 1972, 2, 1213–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Young, D., Schwedel, J.B. The heart in rheumatoid arthritis: a study of 38 autopsy cases. Ann Ht J 1944, 28, 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Goldenberg, G.J., Paraskeras, F., Israels, L.G. The association of rheumatoid arthritis with plasma cell and lymphocytic neoplasms. Arthritis Rheum 1969, 12, 569–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Wegelius, O., Skrifvars, B., Andersson, L. Rheumatoid arthritis terminating in plasmacytoma. Acta Med Scand 1970, 187, 133–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Good, A.E., Russo, R.H., Schnitzer, B. et al. Intracranial histiocytic lymphoma with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1978, 5, 75–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Crofts, M.A.J., Sharp, J.C., Joyner, M.V. Rheumatoid arthritis and hairy cell leukaemia. Lancet 1979, 2, 203–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Kassan, S.S., Thomas, T.L., Moutsopoulos, H.M. et al. Increased risk of lymphoma in sicca syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1978, 89, 888–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Anderson, L.G., Talal, N. The spectrum of benign to malignant lymphoproliferation in Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 1972, 10, 199–221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Isomaki, H.A., Hakulinen, T., Joutsenlahti, U. Excess risk of lymphomas, leukaemias and myeloma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Chron Dis 1978, 31, 691–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Hakulinen, T., Isomaki, H., Knekt, P. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer studies based on linking nationwide registries in Finland. Am J Med 1985, 78 (1a), 29–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Prior, P., Symmons, D.P.M., Hawkins, C.F. et al. Cancer mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1984, 43, 128–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Banks, P.M., Witrak, G.A., Conn, D.L. Lymphoid neoplasia developing after connective tissue disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1979, 54, 104–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Symmons, D.P.M. Neoplasm of the immune system in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 1985, 78 (1a), 22–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Langman, M.J.S. Peptic ulcer complications and the use of non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin 1986, 120, 448–451.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Reeves, W.B., Foley, R.J., Weinman, E.J. Renal dysfunction from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Arch Intern Med 1984, 144, 1943–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Walt, R., Katszhinski, B., Logan, R. et al. Rising frequency of ulcer perforation in elderly people in the United Kingdom. Lancet 1986, 1, 486–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Girdwood, R.H. Death after taking medicaments. Br Med J 1974, 1, 501–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Kay, A.G.L. Myelotoxicity of D-penicillamine. Ann Rheum Dis 1979, 38, 232–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Symmons, D.P.M., Prior, P., Scott, D.L. et al. Factors influencing mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. J Chron Dis 1986, 39, 137–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Allebeck, P. Epidemiological investigations on rheumatoid arthritis in Stockholm: the use of different data sources. Scand J Rheumatol (suppl) 1984, 13, 1–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Pincus, T., Callahan, L.F., Vaughn, W.E. Questionnaire, walking time and button test measures of functional capacity as predictive markers for mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1987, 14, 240–251.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Kaplan, D. The age of death of the parents of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary study. J Rheumatol 1986, 13, 903–906.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Spector, T.D., Silman, A.J. Parental mortality in RA. J. Rheumatol 1988, 15; 150–151.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Scott, D.L., Grindulis, K.A., Struthers, G.R. et al. Progression of radiological changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1984, 43, 8–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Scott, D.L., Dawes, P.T., Fowler, P.D. et al. Anti-rheumatic drugs and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Q J Med 1985, 49–59.

  110. Luukkainen, R., Isomaki, H., Kajander, A. Effect of gold treatment of the progression of erosions in RA patients. Scand J Rheumatol 1977, 6, 123–127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. De Carvalho, A., Grudal, H., Jorgensen, B. Radiologic evaluation of the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Radiological Diag 1980, 21, 115–121.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Winfield, J., Young, A., Williams, P. et al. Prospective study of the radiologic changes in hands, feet and cervical spine in adult rheumatoid disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1983, 42, 613–618.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Scott, D.L., Coulton, B.L., Popert, A.J. Long term progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1986, 45, 373–378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Rasker, J.J., Cosh, J.A. Radiologic study of cercival spine and hand in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of 15 years duration: an assessment of the effects of corticosteroid treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 1978, 37, 529–535.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Fleming, A., Crown, J.M., Corbett, M. Incidence of joint involvement in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Rehabil 1976, 15, 92–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Scott, D.L., Bacon, P.A. Joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic aspects and the effects of anti-rheumatic drugs. Rheumatol Int 1985, 5, 193–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Crofton, P.J. Problems associated with the measurement of radiologic progression of disease in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1983, 10, 177–179.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Research Sub-Committee of the Empire Rheumatism Council. Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Report of a multicentre controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 1960, 19, 95–117.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Co-operating clinics of the American Rheumatism Association. A controlled trial of gold salt therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1973, 16, 353–358.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Sigler, J.W., Bluhm, G.B., Duncan, H. et al. Gold salts in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double blind study. Ann Intern Med 1974, 80, 21–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Multicentre Trial Group. controlled study of D-penicillamine in severe rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1973, i, 275–280.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Dixon, A.S.J., Davis, J., Dormandy, T.L. et al. Synthetic D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Double-blind controlled study of a high and low dose regimen. Ann Rheum Dis 1975, 34, 416–421.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Shiokaman, Y., Horinchi, H., Honma, H. et al. Clinical evaluation of D-pencillamine by multicentre double-blind comparative study in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1977, 20, 1464–1472.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Co-operating Clinics Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. A controlled study of cyclophosphamide in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 1970, 983, 883–889.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Smyth, C.J., Bartholomew, B.A., Mills, D.M. et al. Cyclophosphamide therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Intern Med 1975, 135, 789–793.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Townes, A.S., Sowa, J.M., Shulman, L.E. Controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1976, 19, 563–573.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Ianuzzi, L., Dawson, N., Zein, N. et al. Does drug therapy slow radiographic deterioration in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 1983, 17, 1023–1027.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Wright, V., Amos, R. Do drugs change the course of rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med J 1980, 1, 864–966.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Pullar, T., Hunter, J.A., Capell, HA. Does second-line therapy affect the radiological progression of rheumatoid arthritis? Ann Rheum Dis 1984, 43, 18–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Pullar, T., Capell, H.A. A rheumatological dilemma — is it possible to modify the cause of rheumatoid arthritis? Can we answer the question? Ann Rheum Dis 1985, 44, 134–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Sharp, J.T., Lidsky, M.D., Duffy, J. Clinical responses during gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1982, 25, 540–549.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Goldberg, J.D., Lidsky, M.D., Ware, J.A. Long-term follow-up of chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (suppl) 1984, 27, 1354.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Corrigan, A.B., Robinson, R.G., Terenty, T.R. et al. Benign rheumatoid arthritis of the aged. Br Med J 1974, 1, 444–445.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Short, C.L. Rheumatoid arthritis: types of course and prognosis. Med Clin North Am 1968, 52, 549–557.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Otten, H.A., Boerma, F.W. Significance of the Waaler-Rose test, streptococcal agglutination, and matoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1959, 18, 24–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Feigenbaum, S.L., Masi, A.T., Kapian, S.B. Prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis. A longitudinal study of newly diagnosed younger adult patients. Am J Med 1979, 66, 377–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Lansbury, J. Report of a 3-year study on the systemic and articular indices in rheumatoid arthritis: theoretic and clinical considerations. Arthritis Rheum 1958, 1, 505.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Gordon, D.A., Stein, J.L., Broder, I. The extra features of rheumatoid arthritis. A systematic analysis of 127 cases. Am J Med 1973, 54, 445–452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Sharp, J.T., Calkins, E., Cohen, A.S. et al. Observations manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis, based on the course of 154 cases. Medicine (Baltimore), 1964, 43, 41.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Bywaters, E.G.L., Scott, J.T. The natural history of vascular lesions in rheumatoid arthritis. J Chronic Dis 1963, 16, 905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Wilkinson, M., Torrance, W.N. Clinical background of rheumatoid vascular disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1967, 26, 475.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Scott, G.T., Bacon, P.A., Tribe, C.R., Systemic rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical and laboratory study of 50 cases. Medicine 1981, 60, 288–297.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Zuckner, J. The progression of rheumatoid arthritis in relationship to prognostic factors. In: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Eds: Utsinger, P.D., Zvaifler, N.J., Ehrlich, G.E., Philadelphia, Lippincott Co., 1985, pp. 309–316.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Erhardt, C.C., Mumford, P.A., Venables, P.J.W., Maimi, R.N. Factors predicting a poor life prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis: an eight-year prospective follow-up study. Ann Rheum Dis 1988, In press.

  145. Cats, A., Hazevoet, H.M. Significance of positive tests for rheumatoid factor in the prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. A follow-up study. Ann Rheum Dis 1970, 29, 254–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Sherrer, Y.S., Block, D.A., Mitchell, D.M., Roth, S.H., Wolfe, F., Fries, J.F. Disability in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of prognosis factors across three populations. J Rheumatol 1987, 14, 705–709.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Amos, R.S., Constable, T.J., Crockson, R.A. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis: relation of serum C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rates to radiographs changes. Br Med J 1977, i, 195–197.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Dawes, P.T., Fowler, P.D., Clarke, S. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis: treatment which controls the C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate reduces radiological progression. Br J Rheumatol 1986, 25, 44–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Burns, T.M., Calin, A. The hand radiograph as a diagnostic discriminant between seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 1983, 44, 605–612.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Teitsson, I., Withington, R.H., Seifert, M.H. et al. Prospective study of early rheumatoid arthritis. 1. Prognostic value of IgA rheumatoid factor. Ann Rheum Dis 1984, 43, 673–678.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Wunska-Willoch, H., Thompson, K., Young, A. et al. IgA and IgM rheumatoid factors as markers of later erosive changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1987, 1 suppl. 4.

  152. Ochi, T., Yonemasu, K., Lwase, R., Sasaki, T., Tsuyama, K., Ono, K., Serum, Ciq levels as a prognostic guide to articular erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1984, 27, 883–887.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Westedt, M.L., Daha, M.R., Baldwin, III, W.M., Stijnen, T., Cats, A. Serum immune complexes containing IgA appear to predict erosive arthritis in a longitudinal study in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1986, 45, 809–815.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Horslev-Petersen, K., Bentsen, K.D., Junker, P., Lorenzen, L. Serum amino-terminal type III procollagen peptide in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1986, 29, 592–599.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Griffin, A.J., Wooley, P., Panayi, G.S., Batchelor, J.R. HLA DR antigens and disease expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1984, 43, 218–221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Young, A., Jaraquemada, A., Awad, J., Festenstein, H., Corbett, M., Hay, F.C., Roitt, I.M. Association of HLA DR4/DW4 with DR2/DW2 with radiological changes in a prospective study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Preferential relationship with HLA DW rather than HLA-D specificities. Arthritis Rheum 1984, 27, 20–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Jaraquemada, D., Ollier, W., Awad, J., Young, A., Silman, A., Roitt, I.M., Corbett, M., May, F., Cosh, J.A., Maini, R.N., Venables, P.J., Ansell, B., Holbrown, J., Reeback, J., Currey, H.L.F., Festenstein, H. HLA and rheumatoid arthritis: a combined analysis of 404 British patients. Ann Rheum Dis 1986, 45, 627–636.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Fleming, A., Crown, J.M., Corbett, M. Prognostic value of early features in rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med J 1976, 1, 1243–1245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Brook, A., Fleming, A., Corbett, M. Relationship of radiological damage to clinical outcome in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1977, 36, 274–275.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Young, A., Corbett, M., Brook, A. The clinical assessment of joint inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis related to radiological progression. Rheumatol Rehabil 1980, 19, 14–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. De Carvalho, A., Grundal, H. Relationship between radiologic and clinical findings in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Radiol Diagn 1980, 21, 797–802.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Sjoblom, K.G., Saxne, T., Petterson, H. et al. Factors related to the progression of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1984, 13, 21–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Luukkainen, R., Kaarela, K., Isomaki, H. et al. The prediction of radiological destruction during the early stage of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1983, 1, 295–298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Luukkainen, R., Talonen, R., Uksila, E. et al. Relationship between same joint fluid, blood and serum variables and radiological destruction in knee joints in arthritic patients. Scand J Rheumatol 1986, 15, 399–401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Dawes, P.T., Fowler, P.D., Jackson, R., Collins, M., Shadforth, M.F., Stone, R., Scott, D.L. Prediction of progressive joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving gold or D-penicillamine therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 1986, 45, 945–949.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Short, C.L., Bauer, W. The course of rheumatoid disease in patients receiving simple medical and orthopaedic measures. New Engl J Med 1948, 142–148.

  167. Short, C.L. Rheumatoid arthritis: types of courses and prognosis. Med Clin North Am 1968, 52, 540.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Spector, T.D., Scott, D.L. What happens to patients with rheumatoid arthritis? The long-term outcome of treatment. Clin Rheumatol 7, 315–330 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02239187

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02239187

Keywords

Navigation