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The early establishment of dimorphism in the female honeybee,Apis mellifera L.

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Summary

  1. 1.

    Histological, nutritional, and biochemical studies relating to female caste differentiation inApis mellifera, L. are reviewed. Development of the worker larva evidently comprises two distinct phases, delimited by the addition of honey to the diet by nurse bees around the third or fourth day of the larval stadium. Comparisons between workers and queens may conveniently be related to these phases.

  2. 2.

    The dichotomy between castes appears to be initiated during the first phase and consummated in the second. There can be little doubt that nutrition is the major extrinsic factor in caste establishment. The identity of the dietary factor initiating the series of events culminating in female dimorphism has not been established. The results of many rearing experiments strongly suggest the involvement of a substance which is either volatile or unstable.

  3. 3.

    The mode of action of the dietary factor likewise is unknown. It is suggested that a difference in hormonal balance between castes is established in early larval life and is the intermediary factor linking nutrition to dimorphism. Caste differences in the endocrine system are known to exist by the fourth or fifth day of larval life; the earlier instars should now be examined for a relationship between nutritional and hormonal factors.

Zusammenfassung

  1. 1.

    Histologische, ern\:ahrungsm\:assige und biochemische Studien in Verbindung mit weiblichen Kastenmerkmalen inApis mellifera L., werden besprochen.

    Die Entwicklung der Arbeiterinnen-Larve umfasst zwei sichtlich verschiedene Phasen, deren Abgrenzung durch Zugabe von Honig zur Nahrung durch Ammenbienen, ungefähr am 3. oder 4. Tag des Larvenstadiums erfolgt. Vergleiche zwischen Arbeiterinnen und Königinnen können zweckmässiger Weise mit diesen Phasen verbunden werden.

  2. 2.

    Die Unterteilung zwischen den Kasten beginnt augenscheinlich w\:ahrend der ersten Phase und wird in der zweiten vollendet. Zweifellos ist die Ern\:ahrung der Hauptfaktor in der Kastenbestimmung. Die Identit\:at des Ern\:ahrungsfaktors, der diese Vorg\:ange, welche in der weiblichen Dimorphose enden, veranlasst, ist nocht nicht bekannt. Die Ergebnisse vieler Aufzuchtversuche weisen stark darauf hin, dass eine Substanz, fl\:uchtiger oder instabiler Art, daran beteiligt ist.

  3. 3.

    Die Art und Weise des Ern\:ahrungsfaktors ist ebenfalls unbekannt. Es wird vermutet, dass eine Ver\:anderung im hormonalen Gleichgewicht der Kasten im fr\:uhen Larvenstadium stattfindet. Dies ist der Zwischenfaktor, der die Ern\:ahrung mit der Dimorphose verbindet. Es ist bekannt, dass Kastenunterschiede im innersekretorischen System am 4. oder 5. Tage des Larvenstadium vorhanden sind. Die vorangegangenen Larvenstadien m\:ussten nun untersucht werden, um festzustellen, ob eine Verbindung zwischen Ern\:ahrungs- und Hormonfaktoren besteht.

Résumé

  1. 1.

    Une revue est faite des études histologiques, nutritionelles et biochimiques concernant la différention des castes de la femelleApis mellifera, L. Évidemment le développement de la larve ouvrière comprend deux phases distinctes délimitées par l'addition du miel au régime par l'abeille nourricière durant la troisième ou quatrième journée du stade larvaire. Des comparaisons entre l'ouvrière et la reine peuvent aussi être faites en relation avec ces phases.

  2. 2.

    La dichotomie entre les castes semble commencer durant la première phase et se terminer durant la seconde. Il ne fait pas de doute que la nutrition est un facteur extrinsèque majeur dans l'établissement d'une caste. On n'a pas établi la nature du facteur diététique commençant la série d'événements dont l'aboutissement est le dimorphisme de la femelle. Le résultat de plusieurs expériences d'élevage suggère fortement l'implication d'une substance qui est soit volatile soit instable.

  3. 3.

    On ne connaît pas non plus le mode d'action du facteur diététique. Il a été suggéré qu'il existe une différence entre les castes dans la balance des hormones au début de la vie larvaire et que cette balance est le facteur intermédiaire reliant la nutrition au dimorphisme.

Il est reconnu qu'à la quatrième ou cinquième journée de la vie de la larve, il existe dans le système endocrine des différences de caste; les stades plus jeunes devraient être examinés maintenant en vue de découvrir une relation entre les facteurs nutritifs et hormonaux.

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  1. Department of Apiculture and Department of Entomology and Zoology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada

    R. W. Shuel & S. E. Dixon

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Shuel, R.W., Dixon, S.E. The early establishment of dimorphism in the female honeybee,Apis mellifera L.. Ins. Soc 7, 265–282 (1960). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02224497

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