Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of the Japanese Carabinae ground beetles were analyzed by comparing 1,069 nucleotide sequences in the mitochondrial gene encoding NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5). The ND5 phylogenetic tree revealed that the hind-wingless Carabina and the hind-wingedCalosoma/Campalita (Calosomina) diverged from the common ancestor, andCychrus (Cychrini) is the outgroup of them. Five distinct clusters (groups) can be recognized in the Carabina, i.e.,CARABUS, HEMICARABUS, LEPTOCARABUS, APOTOMOPTERUS, andPROCRUSTES/DAMASTER. The ancestors of these lineages diverged almost at the same time more than 10 Myr ago. TheCarabus cluster includes two subclusters,Carabus andOhomopterus. Two species ofCarabus examined are phylogenetically rather remote, while five species amongOhomopterus are closely related to each other. The results suggest that diversification ofCarabus started much earlier than that ofOhomopterus, presumably in the Eurasian continent, and that ofOhomopterus in the Japanese archipelago. The branching order in theLEPTOCARABUS lineage was established,Authenocarabus/Pentacarabus being their outgroup. In theDAMASTER/PROCRUSTES lineage,Procrustes is placed as the outgroup ofDamaster, with the branching order ofCoptolabrus andAcoptolabrus/Damaster. The diversification of theDamaster subspecies appeared to have occurred in the Japanese archipelago earlier thanOhomopterus, and its phylogeny reflects their geographic distribution in the archipelago rather than the morphological characters.
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Abbreviations
- ND5:
-
NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
- NJ:
-
neighbor-joining
- MEGA:
-
molecular evolutionary genetics analysis
- Myr:
-
million years
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The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper will appear in the GSDB, DDBJ, EMBL, and NCBI nucleotide sequence databases with the accession numbers D50339-D50365
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Su, ZH., Ohama, T., Okada, T.S. et al. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the Japanese Carabinae ground beetles based on mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences. J Mol Evol 42, 124–129 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02198837
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02198837