Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dilute hydrochloric acid as an extractant for available zinc, copper and boron in rice soils

  • Published:
Plant and Soil Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Because zinc deficiency is a widespread disorder of wetland rice and copper deficiency may occur with it, 0.05M HCl was compared with 0.1M HCl, EDTA and DTPA as an extractant for available zinc and copper. It was also compared with the reflux method for boron assay.

Thirty-three wetland rice soils were analyzed for zinc and copper by the four methods. Rice was grown on the flooded soils, scored visually for zinc deficiency, and the plants analyzed for zinc and copper content. In the boron study, 53 soils were extracted by the reflux method and the 0.05M HCl procedure. Rice was grown on the flooded soils, scored visually for boron toxicity, and the plants analyzed for boron content.

Fourteen of the 16 soils on which rice showed zinc deficiency gave <1.0 mg/kg Zn by the 0.05M HCl method but values far in excess of the critical limits by the other methods. The r values for available and plant zinc were: 0.05M HCl (0.88**); 0.1M HCl (0.55**); EDTA (0.43**); and DTPA (0.31ns).

Twelve of the zinc-deficient soils gave<0.1 mg/kg Cu by the 0.05M HCl method but values exceeding the critical limits by the EDTA and DTPA methods. The r values for available and plant copper were: 0.05M HCl (0.74**), 0.1M HCl (0.64**), EDTA (0.28ns), and DTPA (0.20ns).

The critical limit of 1.0 mg/kg by the 0.05M HCl extraction was confirmed for zinc deficiency and a tentative value of 0.1 mg/kg for copper deficiency proposed.

The 0.05M HCl method separated boron-toxic soils from non-toxic soils and gave a better correlation (r=0.91**) between available and plant boron than the reflux extraction (r=0.84**). The toxic limit by the 0.05M HCl method was provisionally set at 4 mg/kg.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agrawala S. C. and Sharma, C. P. 1979 Recognizing micronutrient disorders of crop plants on the basis of visible symptoms and plant analysis. Botany Dept., Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India 72 p.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Berger, K. C. and Truog, E. 1940 Boron deficiencies as revealed by plant and soil tests. J. Am. Soc. Agron.32, 297–301.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Brammer, H. 1978 Rice Soils of Bangladesh. pp 35–56In International Rice Research Institute. Soils and Rice. Los Baños.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bower, C. A. and Wilcox, L. V. 1965 Soluble salts. pp 933–951In Methods of Soil Analysis. Ed. C. A. Black A. Soc Agron. Inc. Madison., Wisc. USA.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cayton, M. T. C. 1980 Laboratory and greenhouse studies on boron toxicity in rice. Unpublished Saturday Seminar report. The International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. 19 p.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Chaudhry, F. M. and Sharif, M. 1974 Micronutrient problems of crops in Pakistan with special reference to zinc and copper deficiency in rice production. pp 1–23In Joint FAO/IAEA Panel and Research Coordination Meeting on Isotope-Aided Studies on micronutrients in rice production with reference to zinc deficiency, 23–27 September 1974, Vienna.

  7. Chaudhry, F. M., Latif, L., Sharif, M. and Rashid, A. 1976 Effectieveness of zinc soil tests for flooded rice. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res.19, 94–96.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cox, F. R. and Kamprath, E. J. 1972 Micronutrient soil tests. pp 295–317.In Micronutrients in Agriculture. Eds. J. J. Mortvedt, P. M. Giordano and W. L. Lindsay. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc. Madison, Wisc. USA.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cox, F. R. and Wear, J. I. (Editors) 1977 Diagnosis and correcting of zinc problems in corn and rice production. North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 73 p.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Driessen, P. M. 1978 Peat Soils pp 763–780In International Rice Resarch Institute. Soils and Rice. Los Baños, Philippines.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gangwar, M. S. and Chandra, S. K. 1976 Estimation of critical limit in rice soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.7, 295–310.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Giordano, P. M. 1977 Efficiency of zinc fertilization for flooded rice. Plant and Soil48, 673–684.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Green, V. R. Jr. 1956 A survey of rice culture on organic soils. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida16, 334–351.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Haque, I., Odell, K. T., Walker, W. M. and Kamara, C. S. 1979 Micronutrient cation survey of lowland rice in Sierra Loene, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.10, 981–992.

    Google Scholar 

  15. International Rice Research Institute 1976 Annu. Rep. 1975. Los Baños, Philippines.

  16. Kanwar, J. S. and Randhawa, N. S. 1974 Micronutrient research in soils and plants in India. Indian Council of Agriculture Research. New Delhi. 185 p.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Katyal, J. C. and Ponnamperuma, F. N. 1974 Zinc deficiency: a widespread nutritional disorder of rice in Agusan del Norte. Philipp. Agric.58, 79–89.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Katyal, J. C. and Sharma, B. D. 1979 Role of micronutrients in crop production. Fert. News24, 33–50.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kausar, M. A., Chaudhry, F. M., Rashid, A., Latif, A. and Alam, S. M. 1976 Micronutrient availability to cereals for calcareous soils. I. Comparative Zn and Cu deficiency and their mutual interaction in rice and wheat. Plant and Soil45, 397–410.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lindsay, W. L. and Norvell, W. A. 1978 Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.42, 421–428.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lopes, A. S. 1980 Micronutrients in soils of the tropics as constraints to food production in the tropics. pp 277–298In Priorities for alleviating soil-related constraints to food production in the tropics. IRRI Los Baños, Philippines.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mehrotra, O. N. and Saxena, H. K. 1967 Responses of important crops to trace elements in Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Agron.12, 186–192.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mikkelsen, D. A. and Kuo, S. 1979 Zinz fertilization and behavior in flooded soils. Spec. Publ. No. 5. Commonw. Qgric. Bur. England. 59 p.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Nelson, J. L., Boawn, L. C. and Viets, F. G. W. Jr. 1959 A method for assessing zinc status of soils using acid-extractable zinc and titratable alkalinity. Soil Sci.88, 275.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Orticio, M. R. 1979 Zinc deficiency: a widespread nutritional disorder of rice in the Philippines. Unpublished Saturday Seminar report. The International Rice Research Institute. Los Baños, Philippines. 10 p.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Pathak, A. N., Tiwari, K. N., Singh, A. and Pandey, R. B. 1975 Correlation studies on soil tests for zinc and response of rice on cultivars' fields in central alluvial soils of Uttar Pradesh. Fert. News20, 12–15.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ponnamperuma, F. N. and Yuan, W. L. 1966 Toxicity of boron to rice. Nature London211, 780–781.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ponnamperuma, F. N. 1979 Soils problem in the IRRI Farm. Unpublished Thursday Seminar report. The International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. 30 p.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Randhawa, N. S. and Takkar, P. N. 1975 Micronutrient Research in India. Fert. News20, 11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Randhawa, N. S., Sinha, M. A. and Takkar, P. N. 1978 Micronutrients. pp 581–604.In International Rice Research Institute. Soils and Rice. Los Baños, Philippines.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rosales, C. M. 1979 The efficiency of fertilizer-zinc by rice grown under wetland condition. Soils Technical Bull. No. 2. Ministry of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. 19 p.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sedberry, J. E., Jr., Miller, B. J. and Said, M. B. 1979 Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.10, 689–701.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Stewart, J. A. and Berger, K. C. 1955 Estimation of available soil zinc using magnesium chloride as extractant. Soil Sci.100, 244–250.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Tahir, M. and Pervaz, M. I. 1976 Micronutrient role in rice production with special reference by zinc deficiency. pp 282–381.In Proceedings, Joint FAO/IAEA Research Coordination Meeting on Isotope-aided studies on micronutrients in rice production with special reference to zinc deficiency. May 17–21, 1976. Manila, Philippines.

  35. Takkar, P. N. and Randhawa, N. S. 1978 Micronutrients in Indian Agriculture. Fert. News23, 3–26.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Tiller, K. G., Suwadji, E. and Beckwith, R. S. 1979 An approach to soil testing with special reference to the zinc requirements of rice paddy soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.10, 703–715.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Trierweiler, J. F. and Lindsay, W. L. 1969 EDTA-ammonium carbonate soil test for zinc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.33, 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  38. United States Salinity Laboratory Staff. 1954 Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agric. Handb. No.60. U. S. Dep. Agric. 160 p.

  39. Viets, F. G. and Boawn, L. C. 1965 Zinz. pp 1090–1101.In Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2. Ed. C. A. Black. Am. Soc. Agro. Inc., Madison, Wisc. USA.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Viets, F. G. Jr. and Lindsay, W. L. 1974 Testing soils for zinc, copper, manganese and iron. pp 153–172.In Soil testing and plant analysis. Eds. L. M. Walsh and J. D. Beaton. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc. Madison, Wisc. USA.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wear, J. I. 1965 Boron. pp 1059–1063.In Methods of Soil Analysis. Ed. C. A. Black. Am. Soc. Agron. Inc. Madison, Wisc. USA.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Yoshida, S., Forno, D. A., Cock, J. H. and Gomez, K. A. 1976 Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice. IRRI Los Baños, Philippines. 83 p.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines

    F. N. Ponnamperuma, M. T. Cayton & R. S. Lantin

Authors
  1. F. N. Ponnamperuma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. T. Cayton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. S. Lantin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ponnamperuma, F.N., Cayton, M.T. & Lantin, R.S. Dilute hydrochloric acid as an extractant for available zinc, copper and boron in rice soils. Plant Soil 61, 297–310 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182011

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182011

Key Words

Search

Navigation