Four years of experience in endomyocardial biopsy —An immunohistologic approach

Summary

Left ventricular biopsies from 376 patients (including 78 patients undergoing bypass surgery) were analyzed by light microscopy (necrosis, infiltration with or without fibrosis) and by immunohistology (bound antibodies). Circulating antisarcolemmal antibodies (ASA) were determined at the time of biopsy using a double-sandwich technique. Circulating antimyolemmal antibodies were assessed in intact rat and human cardiocytes. Histologic findings, heart catheterization, and echocardiography together with the patient's history established the diagnosis of perimyocarditis, myocarditis, postmyocarditic dilated cardiomyopathy, healed myocarditis, and healed perimyocarditis. Both bound and circulating ASA were found in up to 100% of cases in acute inflammatory heart disease and postmyocarditic cardiomyopathy, indicating a secondary immunopathogenesis of the myocardial disease. Analysis of immunoglobulin subclasses revealed: (1) IgG-binding does not discriminate between acute/healing/healed carditis and postmyocarditic dilated heart disease (61.1%–91.7% positive); (2) IgM binding is diagnostic for acute or healing perimyocarditis but has a relatively low incidence (33.3%); (3) IgA binding occurs in acute or healing myocarditis (45.5%), perimyocarditis (33.3%), and in postmyocarditic heart disease (39.4%), but not in controls; (4) complement fixation was never seen in controls, but was seen in acute myocarditis (45.4%), perimyocarditis (25%), and post-myocarditic heart disease (46%). Pretreatment of cryostat sections with collagenase to avoid “nonspecific” binding of antibodies to collagen considerably reduced the sensitivity but increased the specificity. Thus, endomyocardial biopsy proved a safe and valuable method for the further analysis of patients with carditis and myocardial disease of unknown origin.