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Who benefits from antireflux surgery?

  • World Progress In Surgery
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Abstract

Prior to any rational therapy of gastro-esophageal reflux disease, an objective diagnosis of the presence and the cause of the disease are necessary. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease, i.e., increased esophageal exposure to gastric juice, can be due to a mechanically defective lower esophageal sphincter, inefficient esophageal clearance of refluxed gastric contents, and abnormalities of the gastric reservoir that augment physiologic reflux. Antireflux surgery is designed to correct a mechanically defective sphincter, i.e., a sphincter with a mean pressure below 6 mm Hg, a mean length exposed to the positive pressure environment of the abdomen of less than 1 cm, or a mean overall length of less than 2 cm. In our experience, this is found in approximately 50% to 60% of patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Antireflux surgery is not indicated in patients with increased esophageal exposure to gastric juice secondary to ineffective clearance or gastric abnormalities. Consequently, the indications to proceed with an antireflux procedure are persistent or recurrent symptoms and/or complications of gastro-esophageal reflux disease after 8 to 12 weeks of intensive acid suppression therapy, the objective documentation of increased esophageal exposure to gastric juice with 24 hour esophageal pH monitoring, and the presence of a mechanically defective lower esophageal sphincter on manometry. In patients selected according to these criteria, Nissen fundoplication provides effective relief of reflux symptoms in 91% of patients with more than 10 year follow-up.

Résumé

Avant de pratiquer un geste rationnel dans la cure du reflux gastro-oesophagien, il est nécessaire de poser le diagnostic de l'existence et de la cause du reflux. Le reflux gastro-oesophagien, c'est-à-dire, l'expositon de l'oesophage au suc gastrique, peut être dû soit à un défaut du sphincter inférieur de l'oesophage, soit à un défaut de clairance du reflux gastrique, soit encore à des anomalies du réservoir gastrique qui ont comme effet d'augmenter le reflux physiologique. La chirurgie anti-reflux a comme but de corriger le sphincter déficient, c'est-à-dire un sphincter dont la pression moyenne est inférieure à 6 mm Hg, une longueur d'oesophage exposée à la pression abdominale positive en moyenne inférieure à 1 cm, ou encore une longueur globale inférieure en moyenne à 2 cm. Dans notre expérience, ceci a été retrové chez 50 à 60% des patients ayant un reflux gastro-oesophagien. La chirurige n'est pas indiquée lorsqu'il existe une augmentation de l'exposition de l'oesophage au suc gastrique en rapport avec un défaut de clairance ou avec des anomalies gastriques. Par conséquent, il faut envisager un geste anti-reflux en face de symptomes persistants ou récidivants et/ou de complications du reflux gastro-oesophagien au delà de 8 semaines de traitement anti-secrétoire, la documentation objective d'une exposition accrue de l'oesophage au suc gastrique, mise en évidence par la pHmétrie, et al présence d'un sphincter inférieur de l'oesophage défectueux en manométrie. Chez les patients ainsi selectionnés, la fundoplicature selon Nissen est efficace chez 91% des patients à 10 ans.

Resumen

Antes de proceder con una terapia quirúrgica racional de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, es necesario establecer el diagnóstico objetivo de la presencia y causa de la enfermedad. La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesfágico, o sea la exposición anormalmente aumentada de la mucosa esofágica al jugo gástrico, puede ser ocasionada por un esfínter esofágico inferior defectuoso, por vaciamiento esofágico ineficaz del contenido gástrico que ha hecho reflujo y por anormalidades del reservorio estomacal que incrementan el reflujo fisiológico. La cirugía antirreflujo ha sido diseñada para corregir el esfínter mecánicamente defectuoso, o sea aquel con una presión media inferior a 6 mm Hg, con una longitud promedio del segmento expuesto a la presión positiva del abdomen menor de 1 cm, o una longitud total de menos de 2 cm. En nuestra experiencia esto se encuentra presente en aproximadamente 50 a 60% de los pacientes con enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. La cirugía antirreflujo no está indicada en pacientes con exposición aumentada al jugo gástrico secundaria o vaciamiento ineficaz o a anormalidades gástricas. Por consiguiente, las indicaciones para proceder con un procedimiento antirreflujo son los síntomas persistentes y/o las complicaciones de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico después de 8 a 12 semanas de terapia intensa de supresión del ácido, la documentación objetiva de la exposición aumentada al jugo gástrico bajo monitoría continua de 24 horas del pH y la presencia de un esfínter esofágico inferior anormal según manometría. En los pacientes seleccionados mediante tales criterios, la fundoplicación de Nissen resulta en eficaz mejoría de los síntomas de reflujo en 91% de los pacientes con seguimiento a más de 10 años.

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Stein, H.J., DeMeester, T.R. Who benefits from antireflux surgery?. World J. Surg. 16, 313–319 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02071539

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