References
Abe Y, Sakamoto T, Natsugane K, Okabe T, Takaoka T, Blasulting E, Smith WJ, Malchesky PS, Nose Y (1984) Cryoglobulin removal with cryofiltration in the treatment of cryoglobulinemia. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 30: 289
Abel JJ, Rowntree LG, Turner BB (1914) Plasma removal with return of corpuscles (plasmapheresis). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 5: 625
Anderson DK, Means ED (1985) Iron-induced lipid preoxidation in spinal cord: protection with mannitol and methylprednisone. J Free Rad Biol Med 1: 59
Bayliss C, Brenner BM (1978) Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced increase in glomerular filtration rate. Am J Physiol 234: 166
Bengtsson V, Larsson O, Lindstedt G, Svalander C (1975) Monoclonal IgG cryoglobulinemia with secondary development of glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. Q J Med 175: 491
Berkman EM, Orlin JB (1980) Use of plasmapheresis and partial plasma exchange in the management of patients with cryoglobulinemia. Transfusion 20: 171
Betoume CI, Buge A, Decky H, Doria M, Dowinon E, Rancurel G (1980) The treatment of peripheral neuropathies in case of IgA myeloma and one of mixed cryoglobulinemia. Nouv Presse Med 9: 1369
Bombardieri S, Maggiore Q, L'Abbate A, Bartolomeo F, Ferri C (1981) Plasma exchange in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Plas Ther Transfer Technol 2: 101
Brouet JC, Clauvel JP, Danon F, Klein M, Seligman M (1974) Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins: a report of 86 cases. Am J Med 57: 775
Cordonnier D, Vialtel P, Martin H (1977) Actualites Nephrologique de l'hopital Necker. Flammarion Med Sc, Paris, pp 349–385
Cordonnier D, Vialtel P, Renversez JL (1983) Renal disease in 18 patients with mixed type 2 IgM-IgG cryoglobulinemia. Adv Nephrol 12: 177
D'amico G, Ferrario F, Colasante, Bucci A (1985) Glomerulonephritis in EMCG. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 21: 527
Delaney VB, Fraley DS, Segal DP, Bruns FJ (1984) Plasmapheresis as sole therapy in patients with EMCG. Am J Kidney Dis 4: 75
Delfraissy JF, Galanaud P, Balaroine JF, Wallon C, Dormont J (1984) Captopril and immune regulation. Kidney Int 25: 925
DeVecci A, Montagnino G, Pozzi C, Tarantino A, Locatelli F, Ponticelli C (1983) Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in EMCG nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 19: 221
Editorial (1982) Hazards of apheresis. Lancet II: 1025
Evans TW, Nichols AJ, Shortland JR, Ward AM, Brown CB (1984) Acute renal failure in mixed cryoglobulinemia: precipitation and reversal by plasma exchange. Clin Nephrol 21: 287
Fauci AS, Dale DC, Balow JE (1976) Corticosteroid therapy: mechanism of action and clinical consideration. Ann Intern Med 84: 304
Ferri C, Mouconi L, Gremignai G, Migliorini P, Paleologo P, Fossela PV, Bombardieri S (1986) Treatment of renal involvement in MCG with prolonged plasma exchange. Nephron 43: 246
Fleig C (1909) Autotransfusion of washed corpuscles as a blood washing procedure in toxemia. Bull Mens Acad Sci Let Montpellier 1: 4
Fontana A, Doll B, Joller H (1982) IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia with a purpura-arthralgia-nephritis syndrome. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 112: 7
Frank MM, Hamburger MI, Lawley TJ, Kimberley RP, Plots PH (1979) Defective reticuloendothelial system Fc receptor function in SLE. N Engl J Med 300: 518
Geltner D (1986) Long-term treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MCG). In: Ponticelli C, Minetti L, D'Amico G (eds) Antiglobulins, cryoglobulins and glomerulonephritis. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht Boston, Lancaster, pp 273–286
Geltner D, Franklin EC, Frangione B (1980) Anti-idiotypic activity of the IgM fraction of cryoglobulins. J Immunol 125: 1530
Geltner D, Kohn RW, Gorevic PD, Franklin EC (1981) The effect of combination therapy (steroids, immunosuppressives and plasmapheresis) on 5 mixed cryoglobulinemia patients with renal neurologic and vascular involvement. Arthritis Rheum 24: 1121
Germain MJ, Anderson RW, Keane WF (1982) Renal disease in cryoglobulinemia type 2: response to therapy. A case report and review of the literature. Am J Nephrol 2: 221
Gharavi AE, Campion G, Hughs GB (1984) Use of anti-idiotypic antibodies to demonstrate rheumatoid factor producing bone marrow cells in EMCG. Ann Rheum Dis 43: 651
Gorevic PD, Kassab HG, Levo Y (1980) Mixed cryoglobulinemia: clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients. Am J Med 69: 287
Grey HM, Kohler PF (1973) Cryoimmunoglobulins. Semin Hematol 10: 87
Gundgrandsson T, Hanson L, Herlitz H, Lindholm L, Nilsson LA (1981) Immunological changes in patients with precious malignant essential hypertension. Lancet I: 406
Hamburger MI, Gorevic PD, Lawly TJ, Franklin EC, Frank MM (1979) Mixed cryoglobulinemia: association of glomerulonephritis for defective reticulo-endothelial Fc receptor function. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 93: 104
Holdsworth SB, Bellomo R (1984) Differential effects of steroids on leukocytes-mediated glomerulonephritis in rabbit. Kidney Int 26: 162
Horsman DE, Card RT, Skinnider LF (1983) Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia terminating in acute leukemia: a report of 3 cases. Am J Hematol 15: 484
Howert DA, Hene RJ, Struynenberg A, Kater L (1980) Effect of plasmapheresis, cortico steroids and cyclophosphamid in EM polyclonal cryoglobulinemia associated with glomerulonephritis. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 17: 650
Invernizzi F, Galli M, Serino G, Monti G, Meroni PL, Granatieri C, Zanussi C (1983) Secondary and essential cryoglobulinemia. Frequency nosological classification and long-term follow-up. Acta Haematol (Basel) 70: 73
Jones JV, Cummings RH, Bacon PA, Evers J, Fraser ID, Bothamley J, Tribe CR, Davis P, Hughes GRV (1979) Evidence for therapeutic effect of plasmapheresis in patients with SLE. Q J Med 192: 555
L'Abbate A, Paciucci A, Bartolomeo F, Misefari V, Nobile F, Cerrai T, Maggiorri Q (1977) Selective removal of plasma cryoglobulins in cryoglobulinemia. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 14: 486
Lalezari P, Kumar M (1980) Inhibition of cold insolubility of serum cryoglobulin by epsilon aminocaproic acid. Am J Med 68: 629
Lerner AB, Barnum CP, Watson CJ (1947) Studies of cryoglobulins. The spontaneous precipitation of protein from serum in various disease state. Am J Med Sci 214: 410
Lockwood CM (1979) Lymphoma, cryoglobulinemia and renal disease. Kidney Int 16: 522
Lockwood CM, Worlledge S, Nicholas A, Cotton C, Peters DK (1979) Reversal of impaired splenic function in patients with nephritis or vasculitis (or both) by plasma exchange. N Engl J Med 300: 524
Maggiore A, L'Abbate F, Bartolomeo F, Gutrupi S (1986) Effects of cryoapheresis on plasma cryoglobulins and renal function in patients with EMC glomerulonephritis. In: Ponticelli C, Minetti L, D'Amico G (eds) Antiglobulins, cryoglobulins and glomerulonephritis. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht Boston Lancaster, pp 251–264
Mathison DA, Condemi JJ, Leddy JP (1971) Purpura, arthralgia and IgM-IgG cryoglobulinemia with rheumatoid factor activity response to cyclophosphamid and splenectomy. Ann Intern Med 74: 383
McLeod BC, Sassetti RJ (1980) Plasmapheresis with return of cryoglobulin-depleted autologous plasma (cryoglobulinpheresis) in cryoglobulinemia. Blood 55: 866
Meltzer M, Franklin EC (1966) Cryoglobulinemia: a study of 29 patients. Am J Med 40: 828
Nagslett A, McGiff JC, Colina-Chowrio J (1978) Interrelation of the renin-Kallikrein-Kinin system and renal prostaglandins in the conscious rat. Circ Res 43: 799
Ooi, YM, Ooi BS, Vallota EH (1977) Circulating immunecomplexes after renal transplantation. J Clin Invent 60: 611
Pedersen-Bjegaard J, Ersboll J, Migind-Sorensen H (1985) Risk of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and pre-leukemia in patients treated with cyclophosphamid for non Hodgkin's lymphomas. Ann Intern Med 103: 195
Ponticelli C, Imbasciati B, Tarantino A, Pietro-Grande M (1977) Acute anuric glomerulonephritis in monoclonal cryoglobulinemia. Br Med J 1: 948
Ponticelli C, Montagnino G, Campise R, Baldassari A, Tarantino A (1986) Treatment of renal disease in EMCG. In: Ponticelli C, Minetti L, D'Amico G (eds) Antiglobulins, cryoglobulins and glomerulonephritis. Martinus Nijhoff. Dordrecht Boston Lancaster, pp 265–272
Putnam FW, Myake A (1956) Proteins in multiple myeloma. VI. Cryoglobulins. Arch Biochem Byophys 65: 39
Ristow SC, Griner PF, Abraham GN, Shoulson I (1976) Reversal of systemic manifestations of cryoglobulinemia. Arch Intern Med 136: 467
Schab PJ, Fahey JL (1960) Treatment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia by plasmapheresis. N Engl J Med 263: 574
Shumak KH, Rock GA (1984) Therapeutic plasma exchange. N. Engl J Med 310: 762
Solomon A, Fahey JL (1963) Plasma pheresis therapy in macroglobulinemia. Ann Intern Med 58: 789
Tarantino A, De Vecchi A, Montagnino G, Imbasciati E, Mihatsch MJ, Zollinger HV, Barbiano Di Belgiojosa, Busnach G, Ponticelli C (1981) Renal disease in EMCG. Long term follow up of 44 patients. Q J Med 197: 1
Verroust P, Mery JPH, Morel-Maroger L, Clauvel JP, Richet G (1971) Les lesion glomerulaires de gammopathies monoclonales et des cryoglobulinemies idiopathiques IgG-IgM. Actual Nephrol Hop Necker, Flammarion, Paris, p 167
Waldenstrom JG (1980) Plasmapheresis-blood letting revived and refined. Acta Med Scand 208: 1
Weiler JM, Packard BD (1982) Methylprednisolone inhibits the alternative and amplification pathways of complement. Infect Immun 38: 12
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Geltner, D. Therapeutic approaches in mixed cryoglobulinemia. Springer Semin Immunopathol 10, 103–113 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02054027
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02054027