Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Deep mycoses in India

A critical review

  • Published:
Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Available published reports on deep mycoses in India have been critically and exhaustively reviewed. So far there seem to be only 9 cases of actinomycosis reported, mostly of thoracic type and diagnosed on the basis of the presence of “sulphur granules” in the lesions. Nocardiosis and its chief causal agentNocardia asteroides have received particular attention in recent studies. To-date there are 18 authentic cases reported from India and significantly 12 of these have been diagnosed by applying the paraffin bait technique to the isolation ofN. asteroides from sputa and other clinical specimens. In most of these 12 cases timely diagnosis allowed for the successful treatment of the disease with heavy doses of sulphadiazine. Case reports on cryptococcosis which include 26 adequately documented cases, have been published from various parts of the country. Occurrence ofCryptococcus neoformans in soil and its association with old pigeon excreta have also been confirmed by studies done in some northern and western regions of this country. The status of histoplasmosis in India still remains a debatable subject although there is a suggestive evidence that the disease may be endemic in the northeastern parts. There are 9 case reports in which diagnosis has been supported by histopathologic findings and in 3 cultures have also been positive. However, attempts to isolateHistoplasma capsulatum from soil or any other extra-human source have remained futile and the limited surveys have revealed only low skin sensitivity to histoplasmin and none to blastomycin and coccidioidin. As yet there is no authentic case of blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis or paracoccidioidomycosis reported from India. Two cases of invasive aspergillosis and 6 of bronchopulmonary aspergillomas have been published. In the latterAspergillus fumigatus, A. niger andA. flavus have been found to be the aetiologic agents. In addition, a recent report on a series of 8 patients recognises for the first time the occurrence of allergic aspergillosis in this country. Two cases of phycomycoses, involving the lungs in one and brain in the other case have been described. Diagnosis of bronchopulmonary candidiasis has been claimed in as many as 16 patients by several authors but in none the evidence is unequivocal. The isolation ofCandida viswanathii from the cerebrospinal fluid of two fatal cases is suggestive of the possible aetiologic role of this new yeast in human meningitis. Besides, there are 3 cases of brain mycoses described in Indian literature, two due toCladosporium trichoides while in the third caseUstilago maydis, the causal agent of maize smut, has been implicated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Actinomycosis

  • Basu, C. C. (1937) Notes on a new strain ofActinomyces obtained by blood culture.Indian J. Med. Res. 25:325–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, D. P. (1936) Clinical notes of a case of septicaemia due to actinomycotic infection.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 5:172–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konar, N. R., Sen Gupta, A. N. &De, S. N. (1952) A case of solitary renal actinomycosis treated with antibiotics.Indian Med. Gaz. 87:251–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patnaik, R., Thomas, E., Derebail, G. K. &Kini, R. (1963) Actinomycosis in an amputation stump. A case Report.Indian J. Path. Bacteriol. 6:230–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rananavre, M. N. (1951) Primary actinomycosis of the lung.Indian J. Med. Sci. 5:63–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saha, B. (1918) A case of actinomycotic pleuro mediastinitis.Indian Med. Gaz. 53:11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, S. N. (1951) Pulmonary actinomycosis, report of a case.Indian Med. Gaz. 86:101–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, R. (1952) Actinomycosis of the lung.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 21:367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sur, T. (1918) Observations on three cases of actinomycosis hominis.Indian Med. Gaz. 53:5–10.

    Google Scholar 

Nocardiosis

  • Abraham, S., Randhawa, H. S., Kurup, P. V., Damodaran, V. N., Basu, B. &Mazumdar, P. R. (1967) Pulmonary nocardiosis.Indian J. Chest Dis. 9:165–169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andleigh, H. S. (1958) Investigations into the role of fungi in pulmonary diseases in India.Amer. Rev. Tuberc. 78:644–646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, R. &Mohapatra, L. N. (1968) Studies on aerobic actinomycetes isolated from soil. I. Isolation and identification of strains.Sabouraudia 6:140–146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurup, P. V. (1967) Studies on fungi causing deep mycoses, with special reference toNocardia asteroides, Nocardia caviae & Nocardia brasiliensis. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Delhi.

  • Kurup, P. V., Randhawa, H. S. &Mishra, S. K. (1970) Use of paraffin bait technique in the isolation ofNocardia asteroides from sputum.Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 40:363–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurup, P. V., Randhawa, H. S. &Sandhu, R. S. (1968) A survey ofNocardia asteroides, N. caviae andN. brasiliensis occurring in soil in India.Sabouraudia 6:260–266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurup, P. V., Sandhu, R. S. &Damodaran, V. N. (1964) Occurrence ofNocardia asteroides in Delhi soils.Indian J. Med. Res. 52:1057–1061.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurup, P. V., Sharma, V. N., Viswanathan, R., Sandhu, R. S., Randhawa, H. S. &Damodaran, V. N. (1968) Pulmonary fungal ball due to aNocardia species.Scand. J. Resp. Dis. 49:9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, F. P. (1922) Visceral infections due to the higher fungi.Ind. J. Med. Res. 9:781–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, S. K. (1971) Studies on fungi caused deep mycoses in man. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Delhi.

  • Mishra, S. K. &Randhawa, H. S. (1969) Application of paraffin bait technique to the isolation ofNocardia asteroides from clinical specimens.Appl. Microbiol. 18:686–687.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mital, O. P. &Agarwala, M. C. (1967) Pulmonary nocardiosis.Indian J. Chest Dis. 9:170–172.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rangaswamy, V. &Janakavalli (1971). Detection of nocardiosis among suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.Indian J. Chest Dis. 13:85–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta, A. N. &Choudhury, P. (1964) Thoracic nocardiosis.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 42:76–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Candidiasis

  • Banerji, D. &Gupta, I. M. (1956) Role ofCandida albicans in an acute respiratory infection.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 27:58–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarty, S. C. (1967) Bronchopulmonary candidiasis.Dis. Chest 51:608–613.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarty, S. &Sandhu, R. S. (1962) Incidence of and criteria for diagnosis of bronchopulmonary candidiasis.Acta Tuberc. Pneum. Scand. 42:198–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarty, S. &Sandhu, R. S. (1963) A study in bronchopulmonary candidiasis.Indian J. Chest Dis. 5:40–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarty, S. C. &Sandhu, R. S. (1964) Incidence of bronchopulmonary candidiasis in patients treated with antibiotics.Acta Tuberc. Pneum. Scand. 44:152–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chugh, T. D. &Chitkara, N. L. (1964)Candida species in upper respiratory tract of healthy population and cases of bronchopulmonary disorders.Indian J. Chest Dis. 6:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A. C. (1953) Pulmonary moniliasis.Amer. J. Med. Sci. 226:16–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das, M. S. &Sen, R. (1967)Candida species as normal inhabitant in various sites. With special reference to female genital tract.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 48:119–122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das-Gupta, S. N. &Shome, S. K. (1959) Studies in medical mycology I. On the occurrence of mycotic diseases in Lucknow.Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 10:177–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dastidar, S. J., Desai, S. C. &Purandare, N. M. (1966) Candidiasis in Bombay.J. Post. Grad. Med. 12:187–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dingley, H. B. (1955) Moniliasis of the lung.Indian J. Tuberc. 3:24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilig, R. &Andleigh, H. S. (1958) Bronchopulmonary moniliasis.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 30:82–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasliwal, R. M. &Andleigh, H. S. (1954) An interesting case of bronchopulmonary moniliasis.Indian J. Med. Sci. 8:95–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, Harjit, Chugh, T. D. &Chitkara, N. L. (1969) Bronchopulmonary candidosis.Indian J. Chest Dis. 11:207–212.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrotra, G. C., Aggarwal, T. R., Grawal, S. &Balsubramanyam, M. (1960) Species of Candida isolated from vagina.Indian J. Path. Bact. 3:149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandalai, G. &Kurup, P. V. (1962) The occurrence ofCandida species in the sputum of patients with bronchopulmonary diseases.Indian J. Path. Bact. 5:75–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panja, D. &Banarjee, A. K. (1950) Paromychia due to Monilia infection.Indian Med. Gaz. 85:137–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, N. S. (1966)Candida infection of the lung, pp. 214–220. InH. I. Winner &Rosalinde Hurley (Eds.), Symposium on Candida infections. Livingstone, Edinburgh & London.

  • Pohowalla, J. N., Arora, M. M. &Singh, B. N. (1957) Nystatin in treatment of oral moniliasis in children.Indian J. Med. Sci. 11:15–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raut, M. (1971) Clinicopathological study of leucorrhoea.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 56:7–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, D. K. (1970) Isolation ofCandida viswanathii from cerebrospinal fluid of a fatal case of meningitis. (Personal communication).

  • Sandhu, R. S. &Randhawa, H. S. (1962) On the re-isolation and taxonomic study ofCandida viswanathii Viswanathan ei Randhawa (1959).Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 18:179–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, R. S., Gill, P. S., Garga, A. K., Randhawa, H. S. &Chakravarty, S. C. (1962) A study ofCandida species isolated from the human respiratory tract.Indian J. Chest Dis. 4:208–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, R. S., Randhawa, H. S. &Gupta, I. M. (1965) Pathogenicity ofCandida viswanathii for laboratory animals. A preliminary study.Sabouraudia, 4:37–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satyawati, C. (1962) Incidence of vaginal moniliasis in antenatal patients. pp. 162–169. In Fungus Diseases in India. Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine.

  • Singh, K. (1950) Pulmonary moniliasis.Indian Med. Gaz. 85:10–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. M. &Armen, R. N. (1955) Pulmonary moniliasis treated by briliant green aerosol: Report of a case.Ann. Intern. Med. 43:1302–1309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viswanathan, R. &Randhawa, H. S. (1959)Candida viswanathii sp. nov. isolated from a case of meningitis.Sci. & Cult. 25:86–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winner, H. I. &Hurley, Rosalinde (Eds.) (1966) Symposium onCandida infections. Livingstone, Edinburgh & London.

Cryptococcosis

  • Ahuja, M. M. S., Nayak, N. C. &Bhargava, S. (1964) Clinicopathological conference. All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, New DelhiJ. Indian Med. Assoc. 42:474–478.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aikat, B. K., Chatterjee, B. D. &Banerjee, P. L. (1967) The rising incidence of cryptococcosis.Indian J. Med. Res. 55:43–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ajello, L. (1967) Comparative ecology of respiratory mycotic disease agents.Bacteriol. Rev. 31:6–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anguli, V. C. &Natarajan, P. (1961) Systemic cryptococcosis with a toruloma of the left ventricle.Indian J. Path. Bacteriol. 4:179–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balakrishna Rao, B. N. &Lilauwala, N. F. (1952) Cryptococcosis of the central nervous system (with report of a case).Indian J. Surg. 14:10–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basu Mallik, K. C. &Nundy, A. K. (1961) Torula meningitis.Bull. Cal. Sch. Trop. Med. 9:93–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu Mallik, K. C., Chatterjee, B. D., Banerjee, P. L. &Dutta, M. (1967) An epidemiological study of systemic cryptococcosis in Calcutta area.Indian J. Med. Res. 55:529–534.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chhetri, M. K., Rahaman, T. &De, B. (1967) Cryptococcosis in a Calcutta hospital.J. Assoc. Phy. India 15:363–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C. W. (1951) Isolation ofCryptococcus neoformans from soil.J. Bacteriol. 62:685–690.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C. W. (1955) Saprophytic sources ofCryptococcus neoformans associated with the pigeon (Columba livia)Amer. J. Hyg. 62:227–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C. W., Binford, C. H. &Utz, J. P. (1970) Medical Mycology. Lea & Feliger, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gugnani, H. C., Shome, S. K., Shrivastav, J. B., Murty, D. K. &Gupta, N. P. (1967)Cryptococcus neoformans (Sanfelice)Vuillemin from natural habitats in India.Indian J. Med. Res. 55:1290–1294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M. J., Myers, R. &Koshi, G. (1959) Pulmonary cryptococcosis. A case report and experimental study.Dis. Chest 36:656–660.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koshi, G., Sudersanam, D., Selvapandian, A. J. &Myers, R. M. (1964) Cryptococcosis masquerading as tuberculosis of the spine.Indian J. Path. Bacteriol. 7:264–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krainer, L., Small, J. M., Hewlitt, A. B. &Deness, T. (1946) A case of systemic torula infection with tumour formation in the meninges.J. Neurol. Neurosurg. & Psychiat. 9:158–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurup, P. V. &Paniker, C. K. J. (1963) Pulmonary cryptococcosis.Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 21:129–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littman, M. L. &Zimmerman, L. E. (1956) Cryptococcosis — torulosis. Grune & Stratton, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, S. K. (1971) Studies on fungi causing deep mycoses in man. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Delhi.

  • Mukherjee, A. K., Sengupta, M. &Roy, H. N. (1961) Retinal cyst due toCryptococcus neoformans.Bull. Cal. Sch. Trop. Med. 9:106–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukthabai, B., Kini, U. S., Nagesh, C. N., Agrawal, K. L. &Chari, M. V. (1970) Cryptococcosis in Mangalore.Indian J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 13:83–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padhye, A. A. &Thirumalachar, M. J. (1961)Cryptococcus neoformans from a patient in Poona.Curr. Sci. 30:180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padhye, A. A. &Thirumalachar, M. J. (1967) Isolation ofTrichophyton simii andCryptococcus neoformans from soil in India.Hindustan Antibiot. Bull. 9:156–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramamurthi, B. &Anguli, V. C. (1954) Intramedullary cryptococcosis granuloma of the spinal cord.J. Neurosurg. 11:622–624.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, D. L., Butt, E. M. &Hammack, R. W. (1941) Torula infection of the lungs and central nervous system; report of six cases with three autopsies.Arch. Intern. Med. 68:57–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roantree, W. B. &Dunkerley, G. E. (1952) Meningo-encephalitis due toCryptococcus neoformans; report of a case.Lancet 262:1274–1278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, M. (1969) Cryptococcal meningitis — A case report.Armed Forces Med. J. India 25:216–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, R. S., Jaggi, O. P., Randhawa, H. S., Sandhu, D. K. &Gupta, I. M. (1964) Isolation ofCryptococcus neoformans from a patient with out clinicalsigns of infection.Indian J. Chest Dis. 6:93–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, K. K. &Randhawa, H. S. (1968) Survival ofCryptococcus neoformans in the gastro-intestinal tract of pigeons following ingestion of the organism.J. Infect. Dis. 118:135–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, K. K., Randhawa, H. S., Abraham, S., Mishra, S. K. &Damodaran, V. N. (1966) Occurrence ofCryptococcus neoformans in pigeon excreta in Delhi.Indian J. Chest Dis. 8:207–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, P. M. &Sharma, K. D. (1964) Cryptococcosis. Report of a case with review of the literature.Indian Pediatrics 1:181–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shome, S. K., Gugnani, H. C., Sirkar, D. K., Murty, D. K., Raghavan, N. G. S. &Rao, P. U. (1969) Cryptococcosis associated with pulmonary tuberculosis.Indian J. Chest Dis. 11:45–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, G. B. &Barua, D. (1960) Cerebral cryptococcosis.Bull. Cal. Sch. Trop. Med. 8:140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, S., Sivaraman, K. &Prabhaker, R. (1965) Cultivation and animal pathogenicity ofCryptococcus neoformans isolated from a case of meningitis.Indian J. Microbiol. 5:61–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varma, R. M., Sriramachari, S., Pillai, K. M., Sridhara Rama Rao, B. S., Ramananda Rao, R. &Sirsi, M. (1960) A case report of cryptococcal infection of the brain.Trans. All India Instt. Ment. Health 1:63–73.

    Google Scholar 

Histoplasmosis

  • Ajello, L. (1960) Geographic distribution ofHistoplasma capsulatum, pp. 88–98. InH. C. Sweany (Ed.), Histoplasmosis, Charles C. Thomas, Publishers, Springfield, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu Mallick, S. N. (1962) Incidence of histoplasmosis infection in Delhi, M.D. Thesis, Univ. of Delhi.

  • Chakravarty, S. C., Damodaran, V. N. &Abraham, S. (1968) Histoplasmosis in childhood in India.Indian J. Chest Dis. 10:204–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee, P. K. &Das, B. K. (1960) Histoplasmosis.Bull. Cal. Sch. Trop. Med. 8:140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, T. D. Y., Tosh, F. E. &Weeks, R. J. (1970) Ecological and epidemiological studies of histoplasmosis in the United States of America.Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 41:35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darling, S. T. A. (1906) A protozoon general infection producing pseudotubercles in the lungs and focal necroses in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes.J.A.M.A. 46:1283–1285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhariwal, G. K. &Chakravarty, N. K. (1954) Histoplasmin, coccidioidin, blastomycin, tuberculin sensitivity in relation to tropical eosinophilia and pulmonary calcifications.Indian Med. Gaz. 89:23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta-Chaudhuri, R. &Mukherji, D. (1960) Histoplasmosis with the report of a case simulating carcinoma.Indian J. Dermatol. 5:29–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, J. H. O., Highman, J. H. &Lockey, E. (1960) A case of disseminated histoplasmosis.Brit. Med. J. 1:607–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, P. Q., Geser, A. G., Kjollye, E. H., Meijer, J. H. &Christensen, O. (1956) Histoplasmin testing in Africa and Southern Asia.Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 5:224–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furcolow, M. L. (1960) Epidemiology of histoplasmosis, pp. 113–148. InH. C. Sweany (Ed.), Histoplasmosis. Charles C. Thomas, Publishers, Springfield, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grover, S. &Junnarkar, R. V. (1965) Histoplasmin sensitivity in Nagpur population.Indian J. Med. Sci. 19:834–837.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gugnani, H. C. (1970) Extra-human sources of pathogenic fungi. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Delhi.

  • Gupta, R. M. &Gupta, O. P. (1970) A clinico-pathological study of oral histoplasmosis.Laryngoscope 80:472–478.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichaporia, R. N. (1958) Fungus infections of lungs.J.J.J. Group Hosp. 3:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalra, S. L., Borcar, M. D. S. &Robello, E. R. F. (1957) Histoplasmosis, isolation of the fungus from soil and man.Indian J. Med. Sci. 11:496–498.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, P. K., Sanyal, Maya &Basu, N. (1971) Histoplasmosis in India with report of two cases.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 56:121–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapadia, Gool (1969) Prevalence of fungal infection in chronic bronchopulmonary infections. M.D. Thesis. Univ. of Delhi.

  • Lal, H. B. &Mohapatra, L. N. (1964) Histoplasmosis in India.Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 22:65–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mital, O. P., Narang, R. K. &Navani, H. (1961) Pulmonary histoplasmosis with a case report.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 37:384–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, P. J. S. &Sladden, R. A. (1965) Disseminated histoplasmosis following long term steroid therapy for reticulosarcoma.Brit. Med. J. 2:631–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandalai, N. G., Kurup, P. V., Indra Devi, K. &Joseph, K. M. (1962) A histoplasmin sensitivity survey in Kerala.Indian J. Tuberc. 10:11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panja, G. &Sen, S. (1954) A unique case of histoplasmosis.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 23:257–258.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randhawa, H. S. (1970) Occurrence of histoplasmosis in Asia.Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 41:75–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodan, K. S. (1960) Disseminated histoplasmosis.Brit. Med. J. 1:1276–1277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sotgiu, G., Mantovani, A. &Mazzoni, A. (1970) Histoplasmosis in Europe.Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 41:53–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawhney, B. B., Shivrajan, K., Mohapatra, L. N. &Guleria, J. S. (1967) Histoplasmin skin testing survey in and around Delhi.Indian J. Chest Dis. 9:192–195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, P. K. &Ghosh, M. B. (1956) A study on histoplasmosis.Indian J. Tuberc. 3:78–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta, P. C., Rao, A., Banerjee, A. K., Chakraborty, A. N. &Ray, H. N. (1957) Histoplasmosis.Bull. Cal. Sch. Trop. Med. 5:54–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Symmers, W. St. C. (1961) Further cases of exotic mycoses seen in Britain.Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55:201–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taneja, B. L., Kalra, S. L., Walber, S. O. &Sachdeva, L. D. (1955) Deep mycoses in India.A.M.R.J. 11:149–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viswanathan, R., Chakravarty, S. C., Randhawa, H. S. &DeMonte, A. J. H. (1960) Pilot histoplasmosis survey in Delhi area.Brit. Med. J. 1:399–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahi, P. N. (1955) Pulmonary calcification and sensitivity to tuberculin.Indian J. Med. Res. 43:139–148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blastomycosis

  • Andleigh, H. S. (1951) Blastomycosis in India.Indian J. Med. Sci. 5:59–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeMello, P. F. &Rodrigues, A. (1929) Sur un cas de Blastomycose à placards multiples végétants verrueux un pustulo-ulceres.Bull. de la Soc. de Path. Exot. 22:142–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drouhet, E., Enjalbert, L., Plangues, J., Bollinelli, R., Moreau, G. &Sabatier, A. (1968) A propos d'un cas de blastomycose à localisations multiples chez un Français d'origine Tunisienne.Bull. Soc. Path. Exct. 61:202–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C. W., Murray, I. G., Lurie, H. I., King, M. H., Tulloch, J. A. &Connor, D. H. (1964) North American blastomycosis: two autochthonous cases from Africa.Sabouraudia 3:306–311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganguli, P. (1925) Blastomycosis in Duars.Indian Med. Gaz. 60:189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatti, F., Renoirte, R. &Vandepitte, J. (1964) Premier cas de blastomycose nord-américaine observée au Congo (Léopoldville).Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 44:1057–1066.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gollerkeri, P. G. &Nagesh, C. N. (1961) A case of primary pulmonary blastomycosis in South Kanara district.Indian J. Path. Bacteriol. 4:253–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ichaporia, R. N. (1958) Fungus infections of lungs.J.J.J. Group Hosp. 3:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayaram, S. S., Sirsi, M., Ahmed, V. N. &Daylu, T. K. (1952) Blastomycosis of lungs.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 21:365–367.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, E. S. (1970) North American blastomycosis: epidemiology and biology of parasite (Mycologia, in press). Cited byEmmons, C. W., Binford, C. H. &Utz, J. P. (1970). Medical Mycology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, p. 310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherji, B. B. (1953) North American blastomycosis.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 23:22–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherji, B. B. &Sengupta, T. N. (1968) North American blastomycosis.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 51:80–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panja, G. (1925) A case of generalised blastomycosis.Indian Med. Gaz. 60:475–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, J. L. G. (1957) Blastomycosis.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 28:196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coccidioidomycosis

  • Basu Mallick, S. N. (1962) Incidence of histoplasmosis infection in Delhi. M.D. Thesis, Univ. of Delhi.

  • Das, A. K., Chatterjee, M. K. &Debsikdar, B. M. (1957) A case of coccidiomycosis in India.Indian J. Dermat. 3:18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhariwal, G. K. &Chakravarty, N. K. (1954) Histoplasmin, coccidioidin, blastomycin and tuberculin sensitivity in relation to tropical eosinophilia and pulmonary calcification.Indian Med. Gaz. 89:23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahi, P. N. (1955) Pulmonary calcification and sensitivity to tuberculin.Indian J. Med. Res. 43:139–148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sporotrichosis

  • Chakravarty, S. C., Banerji, D. K., Deb, S. R. &Bagchi P. (1968) A study in sporotrichosis: Skin test survey, clinical, cultural and serological studies in Man and in experimental animals: A preliminary report.Indian J. Chest Dis. 10:133–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruthirds, T. P. &Patterson, D. O. (1967) Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis.Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis. 95:845–847.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dey, N. C., Saikia, T. &Majumdar, C. T. (1958) Sporotrichosis in Assam (India).Indian J. Dermatol. 3:103–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C. W., Binford, C. H. &Utz, J. P. (1970) Medical Mycology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, L. M. (1932) An unusual case of sporotrichosis.Indian Med. Gaz. 67:570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panja, D., Dey, N. C. &Ghosh, L. M. (1947) Sporotrichosis of the skin in India.Indian Med. Gaz. 82:200–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgeway, N. A., Whitcomb, F. C., Erickson, E. E. &Law, S. W. (1962) Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis: Report of two cases.Amer. J. Med. 32:153–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. M., Peasley, E. D. &Crymes, T. P. (1961) Pulmonary Sporotrichosis: Report of two cases with cavitation.New Eng. J. Med. 265:453–457.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker, E. H., Bennett, H. D., Fields, W. S., Whitcomb, F. C. &Halpert, B. (1965) Leptomeningitis due toSporotrichum schenckii.Arch. Path. 64:222–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, H. D. &Ferrington, E. (1965) Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis,Southern Med. J. 58:728–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevathan, R. D. &Phillips, S. (1966) Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis.J.A.M.A. 195:965–967.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aspergillosis

  • Campbell, M. J. &Clayton, Y. M. (1964) Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. A correlation of the clinical and laboratory findings in 272 patients investigated for bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis. 89:186–196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan-Yeung, M., Chase, W. H., Trapp, W. &Grazyboyski, S. (1971) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Clinical and pathological study of three cases.Chest 59:33–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chitnis, V. R. &Deshpande, C. K. (1967) Disseminated aspergillosis: A case report.J. Postgrad. Med. 13:131–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, K. B. &Ichaporia, R. N. (1964) Treatment of internal mycotic infections with hamycin.Hindustan Antibiot. Bull. 7:63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, I. M. &Viswanathan, R. (1963) Secondary aspergilloma.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 40:514–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A. H. (1968) Allergic aspergillosis: Review of 32 cases.Thorax 23:501–512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinson, K. F. W., Moon, A. J. &Plummer, N. S. (1952) Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; a review and a report of eight new cases.Thorax 7:317–333.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichaporia, R. N. (1968) Fungus infections of lungs.J.J.J., Group Hosp. 3:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longbottom, J. L. &Pepys, J. (1964) Pulmonary aspergillosis: Diagnostic and immunological significance of antigens and C-substance inAspergillus fumigatus.J. Path. Bacteriol. 88:141–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, F. P. (1922) Visceral infection due to higher fungi.Indian J. Med. Res. 9:781–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, S. K. (1971) Studies on fungi causing deep mycoses in man. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Delhi.

  • Pepys, J., Riddell, R. W., Citron, K. M., Clayton, Y. M. &Short, E. I. (1959) Clinical and immunologic significance ofAspergillus fumigatus in the sputum.Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis. 80:167–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, D. J., Rao, K. S., Indira, C. &Showramma, A. (1965) Pulmonary and gastric aspergillosis.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 45:384–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, D. K. (1965) Studies on the aspergilli associated with human respiratory tract. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Delhi.

  • Sandhu, Dhanwant K. &Sandhu, R. S. (1972) Survey ofAspergillus species associated with the human respiratory tract.Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. (In press).

  • Sandhu, D. K., Sharma, N. V., Sandhu, R. S., Damodaran, V. N. &Randhawa, H. S. (1966) Bronchopulmonary aspergilloma.Indian J. Chest Dis. 7:198–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, D. K., Sandhu, R. S., Damodaran, V. N. &Randhawa, H. S. (1969) Pathogenicity ofAspergillus species isolated from human respiratory tract.India J. Chest Dis. 11:115–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, D. K., Sandhu, R. S., Damodaran, V. N. &Randhawa, H. S. (1970) Effect of cortisone on bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in mice exposed to spores of variousAspergillus species.Sabouraudia 8:32–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin, R. G., Stanczyk, D. J., Lonigro, A. J. &Brown, G. O. (1969) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis — A North American rarity.Amer. J. Med. 47:306–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, E. A. M., Hilvering, C. &Orie, N. G. M. (1970) Inhalation experiments with extracts ofAspergillus fumigatus on patients with allergic aspergillosis and aspergilloma.Thorax 25:11–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, W. P. &Rose, B. (1969) Hypersensitivity bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.Dis. Chest 55:415–421.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phycomycoses

  • Balasubramanyam, M. &Chaudhuri, S. (1963) A case of pulmonary mucormycosis.Indian J. Path. Bacteriol. 6:60–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C. W., Binford, C. H. &Utz, J. P. (1970) Medical Mycology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grover, S., Naidu, A. &Junnarkar, R. V. (1966) Rhinocerebral phycomycosis (a case report).Indian J. Path. Bacteriol. 9:264–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grueber, H. L. E. (1966) Subcutaneous phycomycosis in India.J. Christ. Med., Assoc. India 41:284–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klokke, A. H., Job, C. K. &Warlow, P. F. M. (1966) Subcutaneous phycomycosis in India.Trop. Geogr. Med. 18:20–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madhavan, M. &Reddy, D. J. (1969) Mucormycosis of intestine.Indian J. Path. Bacteriol. 12:46–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherji, S., Gore, S. B., Mansukhani, S. N. &Kini, V. M. (1962) Subcutaneous phycomycosis.Indian J. Child Hlth. 11:502–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, D. J., Rao, K. S., Indira, C. &Showramma, A. (1965) Pulmonary and gastric aspergillosis.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 45:384–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tunnell, H., Grueber, H. L. E. &Samuel, I. (1968) Subcutaneous phycomycosis.J. Indian Med., Assoc. 51:355–357.

    Google Scholar 

Miscellaneous Deep Mycoses

  • Bagchi, A., Aikat, B. K. &Barua, D. (1962) Granulomatous lesion of the brain produced byCladosporium trichoides.J. Indian Med. Assoc. 38:602–604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, S. C., Bhatikar, M. L. &Mehta, R. S. (1966) Cerebral chromoblastomycosis due toCladosporium trichoides (Bantianum) — Part II. (Mycopathologic investigations of brain and skin involvement).Neurology India 14:6–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randhawa, H. S., Tandon, H. D. &Smetana, H. F. (1959) On the aetiology of a case of brain mycosis.Bull. Cal. Sch. Trop. Med. 7:45–46.

    Google Scholar 

General

  • Mohapatra, L. N. (1969) Systemic mycoses in India. A critical review of the literature.Bull. All-India Instt. Med. Sci. 3:7–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randhawa, H. S. (1970) Occurrence of histoplasmosis in Asia.Mycopath.Mycol. Appl. 41:75–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randhawa, H. S., Sandhu, R. S. &Viswanathan, R. (1961) Medical mycology in India — A review of the work done since 1910.Indian J. Chest Dis. 3:33–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das-Gupta, S. N., Shome, S. K. &Majumdar, S. S. (1960) Medical Mycology in India.Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 13:339–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, K. K. &Passi, S. (1970) Histoplasmosis in India. A critical review.Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 40:369–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, K. K. &Randhawa, H. S. (1968) Histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis in India. A critical review.Indian Pract. 21:241–248.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Mycology, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, India

    R. S. Sandhu

Authors
  1. S. K. Mishra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. S. Sandhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mishra, S.K., Sandhu, R.S. Deep mycoses in India. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 48, 339–365 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02052638

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02052638

Keywords

Search

Navigation