Abstract
TheNr-gene-based resistance of lettuce to the aphidNasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) has previously been shown to be located in the phloem. Since chemical analyses of the phloem sap had shown no differences between resistant and susceptible lines, a bioassay was developed in order to test samples from resistant and susceptible plants on aphid feeding. For this, whole-plant extracts, honeydew, and EDTA-collected phloem extracts were obtained, and a sensitive bioassay was developed using EDTA samples. The EDTA was removed, and samples were added to a simple sucrose solution or to a complex artificial diet and presented in a choice situation comparing extracts from resistant and susceptible plants. EDTA-collected phloem sap samples from susceptible plants were preferred to those from resistant plants. The resistance is probably based on a feeding deterrent activity of the phloem sap in the resistant plant.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Argandoña, V.H., Luza, J.G., Niemeyer, H.M., andCorcuera, L.J. 1980. Role of Hydroxamic acids in the resistance of cereals to aphids.Phytochemistry 19:1665–1668.
Bodnaryk, R.P. 1991. Developmental profile of sinalbin (p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate) in mustard,Sinapis alba L. and its relationship to insect resistance.J. Chem. Ecol. 17:1543–1556.
Caillaud, C.M., Dipietro, J.P., Chaubet, B., andDedryver, C.A. 1992. Feeding behavior of the aphidSitobion avenae on resistant and susceptible wheat, pp. 295–296,in S.B.J. Menken, J.H. Visser, and P. Harrewijn (eds.). Proceedings, 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Cole, R.A. 1993. Identification of a resistance factor in the brassica speciesBrassica fruticulosa andB. spinescens to the cabbage aphidBrevicoryne brassicae.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 71:23–32.
Dorschner, K.W., andKenny, S.T. 1992. Occurrence of hop aphid phagostimulants in the honeydew of aphids.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 65:49–55.
Dreyer, D.L., andCampbell, B.C. 1987. Chemical basis of host plant resistance to aphids.Plant Cell Environ. 10:553–561.
Dreyer, D.L., andJones, K.C. 1981. Feeding deterrency of flavonoids and related phenolics towardsSchizaphis graminum andMyzus persicae: Aphid feeding deterrents in wheat.Phytochemistry 20:2489–2493.
Eenink, A.H., Groenwold, R., andDieleman, F.L. 1982. Resistance of lettuce (Lactuca) to the leaf aphidNasonovia ribis-nigri 2: Inheritance of the resistance.Euphytica 31:301–304.
Fisher, D.B., andFrame, J.M. 1984. A guide to the use of the exuding-stylet technique in phloem physiology.Planta 61:385–393.
Girousse, C., Bonnemain, J.-L., Delrot, S., andBournoville, R. 1991. Sugar and amino acid composition of phloem sap ofMedicago sativa L.: A comparative study of two collecting methods.Plant Physiol. Biochem. 29:41–49.
Givovich, A., Morse, S., Cerda, H., Niemeyer, H.M., Wratten, S.D., andEdwards, P.J. 1992. Hydroxamic acid glucosides in honeydew of aphids feeding on wheat.J. Chem. Ecol. 18:841–846.
Gonzalez, A.G. 1977. Lactuceae, a chemical review, pp. 1081–1095,in J.B. Harborne and B.L. Turner (eds.).The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
Groussol, J., Delrot, S., Caruhel, P., andBonnemain, J.-L. 1986. Design of an improved exudation method for phloem sap collection and its use for the study of phloem mobility of pesticides.Physiol. Veg. 24:123–133.
Harrewijn, P. 1990. Resistance mechanisms of plant genotypes to various aphid species, pp. 117–130,in R.K. Campbell and R.D. Eikenbary (eds.).Aphid-Plant Genotype interactions. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
Harrewijn, P., andNoordink, J.P.W. 1971. Taste perception ofMyzus persicae in relation to food uptake and developmental processes.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 14:413–419.
Helden, M. van, andTjallingii, W.F. 1993. Tissue localisation of lettuce resistance to the aphidN. ribisnigri using electrical penetration graphs.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 68:269–278.
Helden, M. van, Tjallingii, W.F., andDieleman, F.L. 1993. The resistance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) toNasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley, Homoptera, Aphididae): Bionomics ofN. ribisnigri on near isogenic lettuce lines.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 66:53–58.
Helden, M. van, Tjallingii, W.F., andBeek, T.A. van. 1994a. Phloem sap collection from lettuce (Lactuca sativa): Methodology and yield.J. Chem. Ecol. 20:3173–3189.
Helden, M. van, Tjallingii, W.F., andBeek, T.A. van. 1994b. Phloem sap collection from lettuce (Lactuca sativa): Chemical comparison among collection methods.J. Chem. Ecol. 20:3191–3206.
Herrbach, E. 1985. Rôle des sémiochimiques dans les relations pucerons-plantes. II. Les substances allélochimiques.Agronomie 5:375–384.
Kaneshisa, K., Tsumuki, H., Kawada, K., andRustamani, M.A. 1990. Relations of gramine contents and aphid populations on barley lines.Appl. Entomol. Zool. 25:251–259.
Kimmins, F.M. 1989. Electrical penetration graphs fromNilaparvata lugens on resistant and susceptible rice varieties.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 50:69–79.
King, R.W., andZeevaart, J.A.D. 1974. Enhancement of phloem exudation from cut petioles by chelating agents.Plant Physiol 53:96–103.
Leszczynski, B., Warchol, J., andNiraz, S. 1965. The influence of phenolic compounds on the preference of winter wheat cultivars by cereal aphids.Insect Sci. Appl. 6:157–158.
Luczak, I., andGaweda, M. 1992. The relationship between the chemical composition of sugar beet leaves and the development of the black bean aphidAphis fabae.IOBC/WPRS Bull. 16(5):178–183.
Matile, P. 1984. Das Toxische kompartiment der pflanzencelle.Naturwissenschaften 71:18–24.
Mittler, T.E. andDadd, R.H. 1964. Gustatory discrimination between liquids by the aphidMyzus persicae (Sulzer).Entomol. Exp. Appl. 7:315–328.
Niemeyer, H.M. 1990. The role of secondary plant compounds in aphid-host interactions, pp. 187–205,in R.K. Campbell and R.D. Eikenbary (eds.). Aphid-Plant Genotype Interactions, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
Padham, D.E., Kimmins, F.M., andBarnett, E.A. 1990. Resistance in groundnut and its wild relatives toAphis craccivora, and its relevance to groundnut rosette disease management.Proc. Brighton Crop Protect. Conf. Pests Dis. 1:191–196.
Reinink, K., andDieleman, F.L. 1989. Comparison of sources of resistance to leaf aphids in lettuce (L. sativa L.).Euphytica 40:21–29.
Todd, G.W., Getahun, A., andCress, G.C. 1971. Resistance in barley to the greenbugSchizaphis graminum. 1. Toxicity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and related substances.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64:718–722.
Weibull, J., Ronquist, F., andBrishammar, S. 1990. Free amino acid composition of leaf exudates and phloem sap.Plant Physiol. 92:222–226.
Wink, M., andWitte, L. 1991. Storage of quinolizidine alkaloids inMacrosiphum albifrons andAphis ganistae (Homoptera: Aphididae).Entomol. Generalis 15:23n254.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
van Helden, M., van Heest, H.P.N.F., van Beek, T.A. et al. Development of a bioassay to test phloem sap samples from lettuce for resistance toNasonovia ribisnigri (homoptera, aphididae). J Chem Ecol 21, 761–774 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02033459
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02033459