Zusammenfassung
Rb-Sr-Altersbestimmungen des Kulu-Mandi-Gürtels zeigen, daß der Himalaya nicht als Ergebnis einer Oberkreide/Tertiär-Orogenese angesehen werden kann. Granitische Gesteine, die etwa 500 bis 600 Millionen Jahre alt sind, gibt es im unteren und im zentralen Himalaya. Sie entstanden während der assyntischen Orogenese als eine „Protoform“ der zentralen kristallinen Achse. Geosynklinaler basischer Magmatismus ist mehr als 600 Millionen Jahre alt. Es gibt genug geologische sowie geochronologische Beweise für eine hercynische Epirogenese. Alter von 10 bis 75 Millionen Jahren (Rb-Sr und K-Ar) deuten den Einfluß der Himalaya-Orogenese an. Diese Ergebnisse haben große Bedeutung für die Tektogenese des Himalaya. Die Unterschiebung (underthrusting) des indischen Subkontinentes (Indian Peninsular Shield) unter die Tethys wurde durch kontinentale Bewegungen der Oberkreide/Tertiär-Periode verursacht.
Abstract
The Rb-Sr geochronology of the Kulu-Mandi Belt brings to light the significant fact that the Himalaya can not be regarded as outcome of a single Upper Cretaceous — Tertiary Himalayan Orogeny. Granitic rocks as old as 500 to 600 m.y. exist in the Lesser and Central Himalaya of this belt. They were formed during the Assyntian Orogenic cycle when a ‘protoform’ of the Central Crystalline Axis was developed. Geosynclinal basic magmatism is more than 600 m.y. old. There is ample geological and geochronological evidence for the Hercynian Epeirogeny. The 10 to 75 m.y. Rb-Sr and K-Ar mineral dates indicate the effect of the Himalayan Orogeny. These results have far reaching implications for tectogenesis of the Himalaya all of which cannot be attributed to the Himalayan Orogeny, underthrusting of the Indian Peninsular Shield below Tethys and continental movements of the Upper Cretaceous — Tertiary times.
Résumé
La géochronologie Rb-Sr de la Kulu-Mandi Belt met en lumière ce fait significatif qu'on ne peut pas considérer l'Himalaya comme résultant d'une seule orogénie Crétacé supérieur — Tertiaire. Des roches granitiques de 500–600 M.a. existent dans l'Himalaya inférieur et central. Elles se sont formées pendant l'orogenèse assyntienne comme une »Protoforme« de l'Axe Crystallin Central. Le magmatisme géosynclinal basique date de plus de 600 M.a. Il y a suffisamment de preuves géologiques et géochronologiques pour une épeirogénie hercynienne. Des âges de 10 à 75 M.a. (Rb-Sr et K-Ar) indiquent l'influence de l'Orogénie himalayenne. Ces données ont une grande signification dans la tectogenèse de l'Himalaya. Le sous-charriage de la Péninsule indienne sous le Tethys a été causé par des mouvements continentaux d'âge Crétacé supérieur — Tertiaire.
Краткое содержание
С помощью метода руби дия/стронция определ или возраст пород поясов Кулу-Манди и установи ли, что Гималаи не явля ются следствием горообра зовательных процессов в верхнем м еле-третичном период е. В Центральных и нижних Гималаях сущ ествуют гранитные по роды с возрастом в 500–600 миллионов лет. Они обр азовались во время ассинтического орог енеза в виде «протоформы» центра льной кристаллическ ой оси. Базический магматиз м геосинклинали имеет возраст более 600 миллио нов лет. Собрано достаточно геологических и геох ронологических данн ых о эпирогенезе герцинс кого возраста. Возраст в 10 до 75 миллион ов лет — по методам рубидия-стронция и калия-аргона — указы вает на влияние гимал айского орогенеза на них. Эти выводы очень важн ы для понимания течен ия тектогенеза Гималае в. При движениях матери ков в верхнем меле-тре тичном периоде индийский субматерик пододвин улся под Тетис.
References
Auden, J. B.: On the age of certain Himalayan granites. - Rec. Geol. Surv. India,66, 461–471, 1933.
—: The structure of the Himalaya in Garhwal. - Rec. Geol. Surv. India,71, 407–433, 1937.
—: Some new limestone and dolomite occurrences in northern India. - Indian Minerals,2, 77–91, 1948.
Berthelsen, A.: On the geology of the Rupshu district, NW Himalaya. - Medd. dansk. geol. Fören,12, 350–414, 1953.
Bhanot, V. B., Gill, J. S., Aroka, R. P. &Bhalla, J. K.: Radiometric dating of the Dalhousie granite. - Curr. Sci.,43, 208, 1974.
Bhanot, V. B., Goel, A. K., Singh, V. P. &Kwatra, S. K.: Radiometric studies for Dalhousie and Rohtang areas, Himachal Pradesh. - Curr. Sci.,44, 219, 1975.
Brooks, C., Hart, S. R. &Wendt, I.: Realistic use of two-error regression treatments as applied to rubidium-strontium data. - Rev. Geophys. & Space Phys.,10, 551–577, 1972.
Brown, P. E. &Miller, J. A.: Interpretation of isotopic ages in orogenic belts. - In: “Time and Place in Orogeny”, P. E.Kent et al., Eds., Geol. Soc. London, Sp. Publ.,3, 137–155, 1969.
Dewey, J. F. &Bird, J. M.: Mountain belts and the new global tectonics. - J. Geophys. Res.,75, 2625–2647, 1970.
Dodson, M. H.: Closure temperature in cooling geochronological and petrological systems. - Contr. Mineral. Petrol.,40, 259–274, 1973.
Eremenko, N. A. &Datta, A. K.: Tectonic style and morphogenic evolution of the Himalayas. - In: “ Selected lectures on petroleum exploration”,S. N. Bhattacharya &V. V. Sastry, Eds., Institute of Petrolm. Expln., O. N. G. G, Dehadrun,1, 107–119, 1969.
Frank, W. &Fuchs, G. R.: Geological investigations in west Nepal and their significance for the geology of the Himalayas. - Geol. Rdsch.,59, 522–580, 1970.
Fuchs, G. R.: Zum Bau des Himalaya. - Österr. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Nat. Kl., Denkschr.,113, 1–211, 1967.
—: The geological history of the Himalayas. - 23rd Intern. Geol. Congr., Prague,3, 161–174, 1968.
Gansser, A.: “Geology of the Himalayas”. - p. 289, London (Interscience Publishers), 1964.
Ghosh, S. B., Ray, S. K. &Sen, B.: Age and metamorphism of the rocks of Simla area — a critical study. - Bull. Geol. Soc. India,3, 57–60, 1966.
Griesbach, C. L.: Geology of the Central Himalayas. - Mem. Geol. Surv. India,23, 1–232, 1891.
Gupta, V. J. &Gathania, R. C.: Discovery of Middle Palaeozoic fossils from southern Lahaul. - Curr. Sci.,42, 622, 1973.
Hayden, H. H.: The geology of Spiti with parts of Bushahr and Rupshu. - Mem. Geol. Surv. India,36, 1–129, 1904.
Jaeger, J. C.: The temperature in the neighbourhood of a cooling intrusive stock. - Amer. J. Sci.,255, 306–318, 1957.
Jäger, E.: Rb-Sr age determinations on minerals and rocks from the Alps. - Sci. Terre,10, 397–407, 1965.
Jäger, E., Bhandari, A. K. &Bhanot, V. B.: Rb-Sr age determinations on biotites and whole rock samples from the Mandi and Chor granites, Himachal Pradesh, India. - Eclogae Geol. Helv.,64, 521–527, 1971.
Khan, R. H. &Tater, J. M.: Radiometric dates of some Nepalese rocks. - Nepal. Geol. Surv., Sp. Publ., 1–6, 1970.
Krishnan, M. S.: “Geology of India and Burma” (4th ed.). - p. 604, Madras (Higginbothams), 1960.
Krishnaswamy, V. S. &Swaminath, J.: Himalayan and Alpine geology — a review. - Min. Geol. Met. Inst. India, Dr. D. N. Wadia Commemorative Volume, 171–195, 1965.
Krummenacher, D.: Détermination d'âge isotopique faites sur quelques roches de l'Himalayan du Népal par la methode potassium-argon. - Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt.,41, 273–283, 1961.
—: Népal Central: géochronométrie des séries de l'Himalaya. - Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt.,46, 43–54, 1966.
—: Géochronométrie des roches de l'Himalaya. - In: “Recherches géologiques dans l'Himalaya du Népal, région de la Takkhola”,P. Bordet et al., Eds., Paris (Centre Natl. Rech. Sci.), 187–202, 1971.
McMahon, C. A.: Notes on the age and structure of the gneissose granite of the Himalayas with reference to Mr. Middlemiss's Memoir on the geology of Hazara. - Geol. Mag.,4, 304–313, 1897.
Mehta, P. K.: “A study of the crystalline rocks around Kulu, Kulu valley, Himachal Pradesh, India”. - Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 1972.
—: Structural and metamorphic history of the crystalline rocks of Kulu valley, Himachal Pradesh, in relation to the tectonics of the northwestern Himalaya. - Intern. Conf. on the Geotectonics of the Kashmir Himalaya — Karakoram — Hindu Kush — Pamir Orogenic Belts, Acad. Naz. dei Lincei, Rome (in press), 1974.
Middlemiss, C. S.: The geology of Hazara and the Black mountain. - Mem. Geol. Surv. India,26, 1–302, 1896.
Misch, P.: Metasomatic granitization of batholithic dimensions, pts. I–III. - Amer. J. Sci.,247, 209–245, 372–406, 673–705, 1949.
Nagpaul, K. K., Gupta, M. L. &Mehta, P.P.: Fission-track ages of some Himalayan granites.- Himalayan Geology,3, 249–261, 1973.
Naha, K. &Ray, S. K.: Metamorphic history of the Jutogh Series in the Simla Klippe, Lower Himalayas.- Contr. Mineral. Petrol.,28, 147–164, 1970.
Pande, I. C.: Palaeotectonic evolution of the Himalaya. - Publ. Centre Adv. Study Geol., Panjab Univ., Chandigarh,3, 107–116, 1967.
—: Recent advances in Himalayan geology. - Press. Add., Geol. and Geog. section, 62nd Indian Sci. Congr., 1–52, 1975.
Pande, I. C. &Kumar, S.: Absolute age determinations of the crystalline rocks of Manali — Jaspa region, northwestern Himalaya. - Geol. Rdsch.,63, 539–548, 1974.
Pande, I. C. &Saxena, M. N.: Birth and development of the Himalaya. - Publ. Centre Adv. Study Geol., Panjab Univ., Chandigarh,4, 1–19, 1968.
Pascoe, E. H.: “A manual of the geology of India and Burma” (3rd ed.). - 1–483, 1345-2130 (Vols. I, III), Calcutta (Govt. of India Press), 1950, 1963.
Patwardhan, A. M. &Ahluwalia, A. D.: Discussion: Geophysical illusions of continental drift. - Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.,58, 1847–1851, 1974.
Pilgrim, G. E. &West, W. D.: The structure and correlation of the Simla rocks. - Mem. Geol. Surv. India,53, 1–140, 1928.
Powell, C. Mc A., &Conaghan, P. J.: Polyphase deformation in Phanerozoic rocks of Central Himalayan gneiss, northwest India. - J. Geol.,81, 127–143, 1973 a.
—: Plate tectonics and the Himalayas. - Earth and Planet. Sci. Letters,20, 1–12, 1973 b.
Ray, S. K. &Naha, K.: Structural and metamorphic history of the ‘Simla Klippe’: a summary.- Himalayan Geology,1, 1–24, 1971.
Sarkar, S. N., Gerling, E. K., Polkanov, A. A., &Chukrov, F. V.: Precambrian geochronology of Peninsular India — a synopsis. - Sci. and Cult.,30, 527–537, 1964.
Saxena, M. N.: Geological classification and tectonic history of the Himalaya. - Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad.,37-A, 28–54, 1971.
—: Problems in Himalayan geology. - Geol. Rdsch.,62, 563–581, 1973.
Saxena, M. N. &Miller, J. A.: Metamorphism, magmatism and orogeny in the light of radiometric dates in northwestern Himalaya. - Bull. Indian Geol. Assoc.,5, 63–69, 1972.
Talalov, V.: “Geology and Ores of Nepal”. - Kathmandu (Nepal Geol. Surv.), 1972.
Valdiya, K. S.: The unfossiliferous formations of the Lesser Himalaya and their correlation. - 22nd Intern. Geol. Congr., New Delhi,11, 15–36, 1964 a.
—: A note on the tectonic history and the evolution of the Himalaya. - 22nd Intern. Geol. Congr., New Delhi,11, 269–282, 1964 b.
Wadia, D. N.: Notes on the geology of Nanga Parbat (Mt. Damir) and adjoining portions of Chilas, Gilgit district, Kashmir.- Rec. Geol. Surv. India,66, 212–234, 1933.
—: The age and origin of the Himalaya mountains, their place in the structure of Asia. - Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad Memorial Lectures (1952–1953), Oriental Institute, Baroda, 1955.
—: “Geology of India” (3rd ed.). - p. 536, London (Macmillan), 1957.
West, W. D.: Some recent advances in Indian geology. - Curr. Sci.,3, 286–291, 1935.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mehta, P.K. Rb-Sr geochronology of the Kulu-Mandi Belt: Its implications for the Himalayan Tectogenesis. Geol Rundsch 66, 156–175 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01989570
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01989570