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Adolescent suicides with adjustment disorders or no psychiatric diagnosis

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Abstract

Detailed characteristics of adolescent suicides (aged 13–19 years) with adjustment disorders (AD) (N=11) or no psychiatric diagnosis (N=3) in a nationwide adolescent suicide population (N=53) from Finland are presented. The data were collected in a psychological autopsy study of all suicides in Finland (N=1397) during a 12-month period in 1987–1988. Data collection included thorough interviews with the victims' family members and professionals, and information from official records. All the suicides with AD or no diagnosis were males. Most of these victims used highly lethal suicide methods. Previous psychiatric treatment and previous suicide attempts were rare. They were seldom under the influence of alcohol when committing suicide. The process leading to suicide seemed to be of relatively short duration. According to informant reports, withdrawn or narcissistic individual characteristics predominated in many cases. Psychosocial stressors preceding suicide often involved interpersonal losses or conflicts. Talking of suicidal intentions prior to the act was common, indicating the need to take seriously all adolescents' expressions of intended suicide, even in the absence of explicit psychopathology.

Résumé

Les caractéristiques détaillées de suicides d'adolescents (âgés de 13 à 19 ans) avec troubles avec l'adaptation (AD) (N=11) ou l'absence de diagnostic psychiatrique (N=3) sur une population de suicides d'adolescents s'étendant sur l'ensemble du pays (N=53), la Finlande sont présentées. Les faits ont été collectés dans le cadre d'une étude d'autopsie psychologique de tous les suicides en Finlande (N=1397) pendant une période de 12 mois 1987–1988. Le recueil des faits incluait des interviews avec les membres de la famille des victimes et les professionels ainsi que les informations provenant de documents officiels. Tous les suicides avec un trouble de l'adaptation ou sans diagnostic étaient masculins. La plupart de ces victimes utilisait des méthodes hautement mortelles. Les traitements psychiatriques précédents et les tentatives précédentes de suicides étaient rares. Ils étaient rarement sous l'influence de l'alcool quand ils ont commis les suicides. Le processus conduisant au suicide semblait être de durée relativement brève. Selon les rapports d'information, une attitude de retrait ou des caractéristiques individuelles de retrait prédominaient dans la majorité des cas. Les facteurs de stress psycho-sociaux précédent le suicide impliquaient souvent des pertes inter-personnelles ou des conflits. Parler du désir du suicide devant le passage à l'acte était habituel indiquant la nécessité de prendre au sérieux tous les adolescents exprimant le désir de suicide, même en l'absence d'une psychopathologie explicite.

Zusammenfassung

Es werden detaiilierte Beschreibungen von Selbst-morden im Jugendalter, verbunden mit Anpassungsstörungen (N=11) oder keiner psychiatrischen Diagnose (N=3) vorgestellt. Diese stammten aus der Gesamtheit aller jugendlichen Selbstmörder (N=53) aus Finnland. Die Daten wurden in einer psychologischen Obduktionsstudie aller Selbstmörder Finnlands (N=1397) während eines einjährigen Zeitraumes zwischen 1987 und 1988 gesammelt. Die Datenerhebung umfaßte ausgiebige Interviews mit den Familienmitgliedern, beteiligten Fachkräften und Informationen von offizieller Seite. Die Selbstmörder mit Anpassungstörungen oder keiner Diagnose waren alle männlich. Die meisten dieser Opfer benützten sehr letale Suizidmethoden. Vorangegangene psychiatrische Behandlungen und Selbstmordversuche waren selten. Sie standen nur selten unter dem Enfluß von Alkohol, als der Selbstmord vollzogen wurde. Der Prozeß, der zu dem Suizid führte, schien von relativ kurzer Dauer zu sein. Entsprechend den Angaben der Informanden prädominierten in vielen Fällen zurückgezogene oder narzißtische Persönlichkeitsmerkmale. Psychosoziale Stressoren, die dem Suizid vorangingen, umfaßten interpersonelle Verluste oder Konflikte. Häufig wurde über die Suizidabsichten vor der Tat gesprochen. Dies verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit, alle Suizidäußerungen von Jugendlichen ernstzunehmen, selbst dann, wenn eine explizite Psychopathologie fehlt.

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Marttunen, M.J., Aro, H.M., Henriksson, M.M. et al. Adolescent suicides with adjustment disorders or no psychiatric diagnosis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 3, 101–110 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01977672

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