Skip to main content
Log in

Structure and rheology of emulsions stabilised by mixed emulsifiers

  • Originals
  • Published:
Rheologica Acta Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The formulation of oil-in-water emulsions which have the mechanical properties of semi-solids, i. e. creams, involves both theoretical and practical problems. One solution is to use combinations of ionic or non-ionic surfactants with a fatty alcohol, as in Emulsifying Wax B. P., Cetrimide Emulsifying Wax B. P. C. and Cetomacrogol Emulsifying Wax B. P. C. By altering the total amount of such a mixed emulsifier in a formulation, the consistency may be varied from liquid to semi-solid. The rheological properties of such emulsions have been explained on the assumption that a viscoelastie network exists in the continuous phase, linking disperse phase globules. The nature, extent and strength of this network controls the flow properties of the system. This theory is discussed with particular reference to the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate, the cationic surfactant cetrimide, and the long chain alcohols cetyl and stearyl and their mixtures. The importance of testing at small strains is emphasised e. g. creep and oscillatory testing, and it is shown that continuous shear methods, although theoretically less satisfactory, may also provide useful information.

Zusammenfassung

Das Formulieren von Öl-in-Wasser-Emulsionen mit mechanischen Eigenschaften von halbfesten Stoffen, wie z. B. Cremes, bringt theoretische und praktische Probleme mit sich. Die Kombination von ionischen oder nicht-ionischen oberflächenaktiven Stoffen mit Fettalkoholen, wie z. B. in emulsifying wax B. P., cetrimide emulsifying wax B. P. C. und cetromacrogol emulsifying wax B. P. C. ist eine Lösung. Durch Änderung des Anteiles eines solchen gemischten Emulgators in einer Formulierung kann die Konsistenz von flüssig bis halbfest variiert werden. Die rheologischen Eigenschaften sind unter der Annahme, erläutert worden daß in der kontinuierlichen Phase ein viskoelastisches Netzsystem vorhanden ist, das die kugelförmigen Anteile der dispersen Phase verbindet. Die Art, das Ausmaß und die Stärke dieses Netzwerkes beeinflussen das Fließverhalten des Systems. Diese Theorie wird diskutiert, wobei der anionische Emulgator Natriumdodecylsulfat, das kationische Cetrimide und die langkettigen Cetyl- und Stearylalkohole und Mischungen aus den beiden besonders berücksichtigt werden. Betont wird die Bedeutung des Testens unter geringen Belastungen, wie z. B. Kriechund oszillierende Beanspruchungen; es wird gezeigt, daß kontinuierliche Schermethoden auch brauchbare Aussagen liefern, obwohl diese in theoretischer und praktischer Hinsicht weniger befriedigen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sherman, P., J. Pharm. Pharmac.16, 1–25 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Schulman, J. H. andE. G. Cockbain, Trans. Faraday Soc.36, 651–668 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Spalton, L. M. andR. W. White, Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Emulsifying Agents. 4th ed., pp. 73, 74 (London 1964).

  4. Barry, B. W. andG. M. Saunders, J. Colloid Interface Sci.34, 300–315 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Barry, B. W. andE. Shotton, J. Pharm. Pharmac.19, Suppl. 110 S to 120 S (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Lawrence, A. S. C., Disc. Faraday Soc.25, 51–58, 58–80 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lawrence, A. S. C., Nature183, 1491–1494 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Lawrence, A. S. C., Chemy Ind., 1764–1771 (1961).

  9. Lawrence, A. S. C., Surface Activity and Detergency, ed.K. Durham, p. 158–192 (London 1961).

  10. Barry, B. W. andE. Shotton, J. Pharm. Pharmac.20, 242–243 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Dervichian, D. G., Proc. 2nd. Int. Congr. Surface Activity1, 327–333, 409–412 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Dervichian, D. G., Kolloid-Z.169, 107–111, 111 to 113 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ekwall, P., I. Danielsson, andL. Mandell, 3rd Int. Congr. Surface Activity1, 189–192 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ekwall, P., I. Danielsson andL. Mandell, Ibid.1, 193–196 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gray, G. W., Molecular Structure and the Properties of Liquid Crystals, p. 28, Academic Press (London 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Gstirner, F., D. Kottenberg, andA. Maas, Arch. Pharm.302, 340–353 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Epstein, M. B., A. Wilson, C. W. Jakob, L. E. Conroy, andJ. Ross, J. Phys. Chem., Ithaca58, 860–864 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Epstein, M. B., A. Wilson, J. Gershman, andJ. Ross, Ibid.60, 1051–1054 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kung, H. C. andE. D. Goddard, Ibid.67, 1965 to 1969 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kung, H. C. andE. D. Goddard, Ibid.68, 3465 to 3469 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kung, H. C. andE. D. Goddard, J. Colloid Sci.20, 766–776 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ekwall, P., L. Mandell, andK. Fontell, Liquid Crystals, Part 2, ed.G. H. Brown, pp. 325–381 (London, New York, Paris 1969).

  23. Hyde, A. J., D. H. Langbridge, andA. S. C. Lawrence, Disc. Faraday Soc.18, 239–258 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Barry, B. W., J. Pharm. Pharmac.20, 483–484 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Talman, F. A. J. andE. M. Rowan, Ibid.20, 810–811 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Barry, B. W., J. Colloid Interface Sci.32, 551 to 560 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Scott Blair, G. W., A Survey of General and Applied Rheology, 2nd ed., pp. 76–87 (London 1949).

  28. Van Wazer, J. R., J. W. Lyons, K. Y. Kim, andR. E. Colwell, Viscosity and Flow Measurement, A Laboratory Handbook of Rheology, pp. 122–129 (New York 1963).

  29. Barry, B. W., J. Colloid Interface Sci.28, 82–91 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Davis, S. S., E. Shotton, andB. Warburton, J. Pharm. Pharmac.20, Suppl., 157S-167S (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Warburton, B. andB. W. Barry, J. Pharm. Pharmac.20, 255–268 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Turner Alfrey, jr. andE. F. Gurnee, Rheology, Theory and Applications, ed.F. R. Eirich,1, pp. 387 to 429 (London, New York 1956).

  33. Ferry, J. D., Ibid.2, pp. 433–473 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ferry, J. D., Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers (London, New York 1961).

  35. Leaderman, H., Rheology, Theory and Applications, ed.F. R. Eirich,2, 1–61 (London, New York 1958).

  36. Davis, S. S., J. J. Deer, andB. Warburton, J. Sci. Instrument, Ser. 2,1, 933–936 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Davis, S. S., Ibid.2, 102–103 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Barry, B. W. andG. M. Saunders, J. Pharm. Pharmac.21, 607–609 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Van Wazer, J. R., J. W. Lyons, K. Y. Kim, andR. E. Colwell, Viscosity and Flow Measurement, A Laboratory Handbook of Rheology, pp. 344–352 (London, New York 1963).

  40. Barry, B. W. andE. Shotton, J. Pharm. Pharmac.19, Suppl., 121 S-129 S (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Davis, S. S., J. Pharm. Sci.58, 418–421 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Walters, K., Basic Concepts and Formulae for the Rheogoniometer (Bognor Regis [England] 1968).

  43. Warburton, B. andS. S. Davis, Rheol. Acta8, 205–214 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Barry, B. W., J. Pharm. Pharmac.21, 533–540 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Paper presented to the British Society of Rheology Conference on Rheology in Medicine and Pharmacy, London, April 14–15, 1970

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Barry, B.W. Structure and rheology of emulsions stabilised by mixed emulsifiers. Rheol Acta 10, 96–105 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01972485

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01972485

Keywords

Navigation