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References
Carl J.Bajema, “Charles Darwin on Man in the First Edition of theOrigin of Species,”J. Hist. Biol., 21 (1988), 403–410.
Peter J.Bowler, “Darwin on Man in theOrigin of Species: A Reply to Carl Bajema.”J. Hist. Biol., 22 (1989), 497–500.
Kathy J.Cooke, “Darwin on Man in theOrigin of Species: An Addendum to the Bajema-Bowler Debate,”J. Hist. Biol., 23 (1990), 517–521; quotation on p. 521.
Athenaeum,1665 (September 24, 1859), 403.
Athenaeum,1665 (September 24, 1859), p. 404.
Athenaeum,1673 (November 19, 1859), 660.
John C.Greene, “Darwin as a Social Evolutionist,” inScience, Ideology, and World View: Essays in the History of Evolutionary Ideas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), pp. 95–127. The article appeared originally inJ. Hist. Biol., 10 (1977), 1–27.
RobertStauffer, ed.,Charles Darwin's Natural Selection: Being the Second Part of His Big Species Book Written from 1856 to 1858 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
See Darwin's library at the Darwin Archives, Cambridge University Library.
Chapter 6 inNatural Selection, chapter 4 in theOrigin of Species.
CharlesDarwin and Alfred RusselWallace,Evolution by Natural Selection (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958).
See Howard E.Gruber,Darwin on Man: A Psychological Study of Scientific Creativity, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
Alfred RusselWallace, “The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of Natural Selection,”Anthrop. Rev., 2 (1864), clvii-clxxxvii.
Charles Darwin to Alfred Russel Wallace, May 28, 1864, MS Add. 46434, British Library.
Darwin wrote to Wallace that the chapter on man, “an entirely domesticated animal,” was by that time too big to be a chapter ofVariations of Animals and Plants under Domestication; MS Add. 46434, British Library.
Howard E.Gruber,Darwin on Man: A Psychological Study of Scientific Creativity, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). p. 31.
John C.Greene, “Darwin as a Social Evolutionist,” inScience, Ideology, and World View: Essays in the History of Evolutionary Ideas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), p. 99.
DAR 128, Darwin Archives, Cambridge University Library; entries range from 1852 to 1860.
Darwin owned and read both the third and the fourth editions of Prichard's book.
DAR 10.2, p. 3, Darwin Archives, Cambridge University Library; Stauffer,Natural Selection, p. 215.
Page numbers in the text refer to the original manuscript pages in DAR 10.2; page numbers in parentheses refer to Stauffer,Natural Selection.
There is a repeated page 26.
ErnstMayr,Toward a New Philosophy of Biology (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 164.
DavidKohn, “Darwin's Principle of Divergence as an Internal Dialogue,” inThe Darwinian Heritage, ed. DavidKohn (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 245–257.
For Darwin's illness, see RalphColpJr.,To Be an Invalid: The Illness of Charles Darwin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976).
Another page, numbered 77, contains annotations in Darwin's handwriting, but it seems to be an old unused page 58.
This opinion appears also in Stauffer's transcription; seeNatural Selection, p. 213.
DovOspovat,The Development of Darwin's Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838–1859 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 184.
JohnBowlby,Charles Darwin (London: Hutchinson, 1990), pp. 8–11.
HenriettaDarwin,Emma Darwin, Wife of Charles Darwin: A Century of Family Letters (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1904), II, 178. The problem with his daughter Mary Eleanor, who lived just twenty days, seems to have been a different one, probably a malformation. Emma wrote: “Our sorrow is nothing to what it would have been if she had lived longer and suffered more” (Emma Darwin to Hensleigh Wedgwood, October 20, 1842, ibid., II, 78).
For a general review of the genetic risks, see P. A.Otto, “Estimativas de riscos de doença genética na prole de primos em primeiro grau,”Ciência Cult., 41 (1989), 471–474.
Darwin wrote about reversion in the same manuscript, regarding it as a “law” and giving several instances of either physical or behavioral traits (see RobertStauffer ed.,Charles Darwin's Natural Selection: Being the Second Part of His Big Species Book Written from 1856 to 1858 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), pp. 322–323, 332, 519). These sections were not moved into theOrigin, as the subject seems to have been temporarily put aside, although it is alluded to (see Morse Peckham,Origin of Species: A Variorum Text [Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1959], pp. 87, 311). The subject is treated in Darwin's first sketch, written in the summer of 1842 (before his daughter Mary Eleanor was born), as well as in his Essay of 1844 (see Darwin and Wallace,Evolution [above, n. 11], pp. 42, 97, 101, 105). In hisVariation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, a book that corresponds to the first two chapters of the long manuscript, the subject is discussed extensively in the second volume, with several examples from humans. See also Darwin'sDescent of Man (London: John Murray, 1871), I. 122.
Down wrote, “The boy's aspect is such that it is difficult to realize that he is the child of Europeans, but so frequently are these characters present that there can be no doubt that these ethnic features are a result of degeneration” (John Langdon Down, “Observations on an Ethnic Classification of Idiots,”Clin. Lect. Rep., London Hospital [1866], 259–262, quotation on p. 261). Down's son, Reginald Down, who was also a physician, did not agree that the name “mongolism” was appropriate; he wrote: “If it is a case of reversion it must be reversion to a type even further back than the Mongol stock, from which some ethnologists believe all various races of men have sprung” (Reginald L. Down,J. Ment. Sci., 52 [1906], 189).
Peter J.Bowler,The Invention of Progress (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), p. 81.
This example was taken from Charles Lyell'sPrinciples of Geology, a book Darwin frequently referred to.
p. 404.
Alfred RusselWallace,Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of Its Implications (London: Macmillan, 1912). The reason, Wallace wrote, that there are so few human fossils, is that there is no region more poorly investigated that the Asian mountains.
Alfred RusselWallace, “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type,” in Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace,Evolution by Natural Selection (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), p. 268.
If the problem with his son was Down's syndrome, this hypothesis may also be valid for the first draft, written when the boy was just four months old.
See W. J.Dempster,Patrick Matthew and Natural Selection (Edinburgh: Paul Harris, 1983). Matthew treated natural selection as a “universal law” and applied the theory to man. Dempster remarked in a humorous way that we could have had a “social Matthewism” in Scotland before theBeagle had even brought Darwin back to England (p. 7).
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Bizzo, N.M.V. Darwin on man in theOrigin of species: Further factors considered. J Hist Biol 25, 137–147 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01947507
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01947507