Skip to main content
Log in

Fabrics and sequences of submarine carbonate cements in Holocene Bermuda cup reefs

  • Aufsätze
  • Published:
Geologische Rundschau Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Verschiedene synsedimentäre CaCO3-Ausfällungszemente säumen oder füllen Hohlräume und umgeben Sedimentpartikel in den rezenten Algenriffen am Rande der Bermuda-Plattform. Es handelt sich um aragonitische Nadel-, Spheruliten- und Leistenzemente sowie kalzitische Mikrit-, Palisaden-, Schuppen- und Blockzemente (aufgezählt jeweils mit abnehmender Häufigkeit). Die Zemente zeigen keine systematische Verteilung; sie kommen in verschiedenen Kombinationen von drei oder vier Zementen in fast jeder Probe oder jedem Dünnschliff vor.

Faktoren, die Zusammensetzung und Gefüge der Zemente bestimmen, können aus Art und Weise ihres Vorkommens abgeleitet werden:

  1. 1.

    Morphologie, Zusammensetzung und Belag des Substrates.

  2. 2.

    Direkter oder indirekter Einfluß von Organismen, wie Algen, Muscheln und Crustaceen.

  3. 3.

    Mikro-Milieu, speziell Größe und Permeabilität, Menge des durchfließenden Wassers sowie Einflüsse von Substrat und Organismen innerhalb des Mikro-Milieus.

Verschiedene beobachtete Abfolgen von zwei oder drei Zementen werden auf Änderungen des Mikro-Milieus zurückgeführt; das Eindringen von endolithischen Algen in teilweise zementierte Hohlräume ist die einzige evidente Ursache einer solchen Änderung.

Die vorgelegten Ergebnisse tragen zum Verständnis submariner Zementation bei und bieten Vergleichsmaterial für die Interpretation von Zementen in fossilen marinen Ablagerungsbereichen, speziell in fossilen Riffen.

Abstract

A variety of precipitative synsedimentary CaCO3 cements lines or fills cavities and surrounds sediment particles within Recent algal cup reefs which dot the rim of the Bermuda platform. These include aragonite needle, spherulitic, and lath cements as well as calcite micrite, palisade, scale, and blocky cements, listed according to respective relative abundances. No distribution pattern of cements is apparent; various combinations of three or four cements are found in almost every sample or thin section.

From the occurrence of various cements, factors determining composition and fabric are deduced:

  1. 1.

    Morphology, composition, and coating of the substrate.

  2. 2.

    Direct or indirect influence of organisms such as algae, pelecypods, or crustaceans.

  3. 3.

    Micro-environment, specifically size and permeability, rate of sea-water circulation through the micro-environment, substrates and organisms within the microenvironment.

Various sequences of two or three precipitative cements result from changes in microenvironment; the only cause of such change recognized is the entrance of endolithic algae into partly cemented cavities.

This study provides some insight into the origin of submarine cements and a basis for comparative interpretation of cements in fossil marine environments, especially fossil reefs.

Résumé

Divers ciments de précipitation intraformationnels (CaCO3) bordent ou remplissent des cavités et entourent des particules de sédiment dans les récifs d'algue récents en bordure de la plate-forme des Bermudes. Ils comprennent autant des ciments aragonitiques aciculaires, spherulites et en baguettes de même que de ciments calcitiques, micritiques, en palissades, en écailles et en blocs. Ces ciments ne présentent aucune répartition systématique; ils se rencontrent en combinaisons diverses de trois ou quatre ciments dans presque chaque échantillon ou lame mince.

Les facteurs déterminant la composition et la structure sont déduits de l'apparition de ciments divers:

  1. 1)

    Morphologie, composition ou dépôt du substratum.

  2. 2)

    Influence directe ou indirecte d'organismes tels qu'algues, coquillages, crustacés.

  3. 3)

    Micro-milieu: grandeur et perméabilité, quantite de l'eau circulante ainsi que des influences du substratum et des organismes à l'intérieur du micro-milieu.

Des séries observées de deux ou trois diverses ciments, resultent de la transformation du micro-milieu; la pénétration d'algues endolitiques dans des cavités en partie cimentées est la seule cause évidente d'une telle transformation.

Les résultats présentés contribuent à la compréhension de la cimentation sous-marine et offre des matériaux de comparaison pour l'interprétation des ciments dans les dépôts marins fossiles, en particulier dans les récifs fossiles.

Краткое содержание

Полости и частички се диментов в современн ых водоросличных рифах по краю платформы Bermuda заполнен ы, или обрамлены разли чными выпавшими известняк ами. Здесь установлены в п орядке убывающего ко личества цементы: арагонитовые, в виде и гол, сферулитов и лейс т, а также кальцитовые, в виде палисад, чешуек и блок ов. Эти цементы не проя вляют никакой системы в их распределениях и час то комбинируются по т ри, или четыре в каждой пробе, или каждом шлифе. Факт оры, определяющие сос тав и строение цементов, мо жно вывести из типа после дних: 1) морфология, сос тав; 2) Прямое, или косвенное влияние таких органи змов, как водоросли, мя гкотелые, ракообразные; 3) микрос реда, именно величина и про ницаемость, количест во протекающей воды и влияние субстрата и о рганизмов в самой мик ро-среде. Наблюдающиеся чередования различн ых цементов по 2 и 3 отно сят за счет изменений микросред ы. Внедрение водоросле й в только частично за полненные цементом полости сос тавляет единственную причин у таких изменений. Рез ультаты исследований помагают понять проц ессы нодводной цемен тации и дают материал для сравнен ия при интерпретирован ии цементов в ископае мых отложениях, именно в р ифовых образованиях.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Alexandersson, T.: Recent littoral and sublittoral high-Mg calcite lithification in the Mediterranean. - Sedimentology,12, 47–61, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Micritization of carbonate particles: processes of precipitation and dissolution in modern shallow-marine sediments. - Bull. Geol. Instn. Univ. Uppsala N.S.,3, H. 7, 201–236, 1972 a.

    Google Scholar 

  • -: Intragranular growth of marine aragonite and Mg-calcite: evidence of precipitation from supersaturated seawater. - Jour. Sedimentary Petrology,42, in press, 1972 b.

  • Allen, R. C., Gavish, E., Friedman, G. M., &Sanders, J. E.: Aragonite-cemented sandstone from outer continental shelf off Delaware Bay: submarine lithification mechanism yields product resembling beachrock. - Jour. Sedimentary Petrology,39, 136–149, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiel, A. J.,Friedman, G. M., &Miller, D. S.: Lithification of modern Red Sea reefs (abstract). - VIII. Internat. Sedimentological Congress, Program w. Abstr. 3, 1971.

  • Bathurst, R. G. C..: The replacement of aragonite by calcite in the molluscan shell wall. - In:Imbrie, J., &Newell, N. D. eds.: Approaches to paleoecology. - Wiley, New York, 357–376, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • —.: Boring algae, micrite envelopes and lithification of molluscan biosparites. - Geol. J.5, 15–32, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Carbonate sediments and their diagenesis. - Developments in sedimentology,12, 620, Amsterdam (Elsevier) 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bricker, O. P., Ginsburg, R. N., Land, L. S., &Mackenzie, E. T.: Carbonate cements. - Bermuda Biological Station for Research. Spec. Pub.,3, 322, 1969. (Note: A revised version of this special publication was published:Bricker, O. P., ed.: Carbonate cements. -Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies in Geology,19, 376, 1971.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chave, K. E.: Calcium carbonate: Association with organic matter in surface seawater. - Science,148, 1723–1724, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chave, K. E., &Suess, E.: Calcium carbonate saturation in seawater: effects of dissolved organic matter. - Limnology Oceanogr.,15, 633–637, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folk, R. L.: Some aspects of recrystallization in ancient limestones. - In:Pray, L. C., &Murray, R. C., eds.: Dolomitization and limestone diagenesis. - Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Spec. Publ.,13, 14–48, 1965.

  • Gevirtz, J. L., &Friedman, G. M.: Deep-sea carbonate sediments and their implication on marine lithification. - Jour. Sedimentary Petrology,36, 143–151, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg, R. N., Marszalek, D.S., &Schneidermann, N.: Ultrastructure of carbonate cements in a Holocene algal reef of Bermuda. - Jour. Sedimentary Petrology,41, 472–482, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg, R. N., &Schroeder, J. H.: Recent synsedimentary cementation in subtidal Bermuda reefs. - In:Bricker, O. P. et al., eds.: Carbonate cements. - Bermuda Biol. Station for Research, Spec. Pub.3, 31–34, 1969.

  • Ginsburg, R. N., Shinn, E. A., &Schroeder, J. H.: Submarine cementation and internal sedimentation within Bermuda reefs (abstract). - Geol. Soc. America, Spec. Paper115, 78–79, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, E. D., &Pray, L. C.: High magnesium calcite and aragonite cementation in modern subtidal grains. In:Bricker, O. P. et al., eds.: Carbonate cements. - Bermuda Biol. Station for Research, Spec. Pub.3, 46–57, 1969.

  • Hoskin, C. M.: Aragonite crystals in algal biolithite, Alacran Reef, Mexico. - In: In:Bricker, O. P. et al., eds.: Carbonate cements. - Bermuda Biol. Station for Res., Spec. Pub.3, 39–40, 1969.

  • Hubbard, J. A. E. B.: Cavity formation in living scleractinian corals and fossil analogues. - Geol. Rdsch.,61, 551–564, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Land, L. S., &Goreau, T. F.: Submarine lithification of Jamaican reefs. - Jour. Sedimentary Patrology,40, 457–462, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebedev, L. M.: Metacolloids in endogenic deposits. - 298, Plenum, New York 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabesoone, J. M.: Recent marine limestones from the shelf off tropical Brazil. - Geologie en Mijnbouw,50, 451–460, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, I. G., &Milliman, J. D.: Limestones from the outer shelf and the upper slope continental margin, southeastern U.S. - In:Bricker, O. P. et al., eds.: Carbonate cements. - Bermuda Biol. Station for Res., Spec. Pub.3, 72–78, 1969.

  • MacIntyre, I. G., Mountjoy, E. W., & d'Anglejan, B. F.: An occurence of submarine cementation of carbonate sediments off the west coast of Barbados, W. I. - Jour. Sedimentary Petrology,38, 660–664, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, I. G.,Mountjoy, E. W., &d'Anglejan, B. F.: Submarine cementation of cementation of carbonate sediments off the west coast of Barbados, W. I. - In:Bricker, O. P. et al., eds.: Carbonate cements. - Bermuda Biol. Station for Res., Spec. Pub.3, 61–64, 1969.

  • Marlowe, J. I.: High magnesian calcite cement in calcarenites from Aves Swell, Caribbean Sea. - In:Bricker, O. P. et al., eds.: Carbonate cements. - Bermuda Biol. Station for Research, Spec. Pub.3, 79–83, 1969.

  • Mason, B.: Principles of geochemistry. 2nd ed. - 310, Wiley, New York 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman, J. D., Ross, D. A., &Ku, T.-L.: Precipitation and lithification of deep-sea carbonates in the Red. Sea. - Jour. Sedimentary Petrology,39, 724–736, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitterer, R. M.: Role of organic matter in the formation of biogenic and “inorganic” carbonates (abstract). - Geol. Soc. American, Abstracts w. Programs for 1969, pt. 7, 151–152, 1969 a.

  • -: Influence of natural organic matter on CaCO3 precipitation. - In:Bricker, O. P., ed.: Carbonate cements. - Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies of Geology,19, 252–258, 1971.

  • Otter, G. W.: Rock-destroying organisms in relation to coral reefs. - Scientif. Repts. of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928–1929,1, pt. 12, 324–352, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purdy, E. G.: Carbonate diagenesis: an environmental survey. - Geol. Romana,7, 183–228, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, H. H., &Moore, C. H., jr.: Recently cemented aggregates (grapestones) Grand Cayman Island, B.W.I. - In:Bricker, O. P. et al., eds.: Carbonate cements. - Bermuda Biol. Station for Research, Spec. Pub.3, 58–60, 1969.

  • Schneidermann, N.: Selective dissolution of Recent coccoliths in the Atlantic Ocean (abstract). - Geol. Soc. America, Abstracts with programs,3, pt. 7, 695, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, J. H.: Experimental dissolution of calcium, magnesium, and strontium from Recent biogenic carbonates: a model of diagenesis. - Jour. Sedimentary Petrology,39, 1057–1073, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Calcified filaments of an endolithic alga in Recent Bermuda reefs. - N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh.,1972, H. 1, 16–33, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinn, E. A.: Submarine lithification of Holocene carbonate sediments in the Persian Gulf. - Sedimentology,12, 109–1144, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Aspects of diagenesis of algal cup reefs in Bermuda. - Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. Transactions,21, 387–394, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suess, E.: Interaction of organic compounds with calcium carbonate. - I. Association phenomena and geochemical implications. - Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta34, 157–168, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suess, E., &Fütterer, D.: Aragonitic oolites precipitated from seawater by humic acids. - VIII. Internat. Sedimentological Congress, Program with abstracts, 99, 1971.

  • Usdowski, H.-E.: Der Rogenstein des norddeutschen Unteren Buntsandsteins, ein Kalkoolith des marinen Faziesbereichs. - Fortschr. Geol. Rheinld. u. Westf.,10, 337–342, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zankl, H., &Schroeder, J. H.: Interaction of genetic processes in Holocene reefs off N. Eleuthera Island, Bahamas. - Geol. Rdsch.,61, 520–541, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Contribution No. 540 from the Bermuda Biological Station for research.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schroeder, J.H. Fabrics and sequences of submarine carbonate cements in Holocene Bermuda cup reefs. Geol Rundsch 61, 708–730 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01896342

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01896342

Keywords

Navigation