Skip to main content
Log in

High-performance teams in wildlife conservation: A species reintroduction and recovery example

  • Forum
  • Published:
Environmental Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Reintroduction of animals to the wild to establish free-ranging viable populations is a valuable conservation tool, but ecological skills alone are not enough to ensure a successful reintroduction; also needed to do the work are effectively designed and managed programs. This article suggests general guidelines for organizing and managing reintroduction programs, reviews some basic organizational issues, and considers ways to develop high-performance teams The need to integrate reintroduction programs into their larger interorganizational context is discussed. The reintroduction program's structure must be appropriate for its function and should be properly staffed, led, and buffered from its political environment It should process information well, learn rapidly from its own mistakes, and be creative A high-performance team devotes most of its energies to solving external rather than internal problems

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature cited

  • Argyris, C., R. Putnam, and D. McLain. 1985. Action science. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. 480 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, W. 1988. Reintroducing a political animal.Science 241:154–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broad, W. J. 1986. NASA chief might not take part in decisions on booster contracts.New York Times Dec. 7:1, 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. E. 1988. Return of the natives: The challenge and the hope of species reintroduction.Wilderness 52(183):40–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. D. 1983. Managing conflict at organizational interfaces. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. 349 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldecott, J., and M. Kavanaugh. 1985. Can translocation help wild primates?Oryx 17:135–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S. 1980. Is reintroduction a realistic goal? Pages 263–269in M. E. Soule and B. A. Wilcox (eds.), Conservation biology: An evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, J. W. 1983. Species decline. A perspective on extinction, recovery, and propagation.Zoo Biology 2:165–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, J. W., and S. R. Derrickson. 1981. The role of captive propagation in preserving endangered species. Pages 109–113in R. R. Odom and J. W. Guthrie (eds.), Proceedings of the nongame and endangered wildlife symposium. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Technical Bulletin WL5. Atlanta, Georgia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T. F., T. D. Williams, and D. B. Revera. 1988. Care and maintenance standards for Kemp's Ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) held in captivity. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEF2-202:l–15, Washington, D.C.

  • Clark, T. W. 1986. Professional excellence in wildlife and natural resource organizations.Renewable Resource Journal 4:8–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T. W. 1987. Black-footed ferret recovery: A progress report.Conservation Biology 1:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T. W., and J. Cragun. 1989. Organization and management of endangered species programs.In B. A. Wilcox, P. Brussard, and B. Marcot (eds.), The management of viable populations: Concepts, theory and cases. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T. W., and A. Harvey. 1988. Implementing Endangered Species Act policy: Learning as we go?Endangered Species Update 5(10):35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T. W., and R. Westrum. 1987. Paradigms and ferrets.Social Studies of Science 17:3–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T. W., R. Crete, and J. Cada. 1989. Designing and managing successful endangered species recovery programs.Environmental Management 13(2):159–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, W. C. 1980. An overview of captive propagation. Pages 199–208in M. E. Soule and B. A. Wilcox (eds.), Conservation biology: An evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, G. E., M. D. White, and J. K. Lauber. 1979. Resource management on the flight deck. Proceedings NASA/industry workshop. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H. S. F., Jr. 1986. Letter from the space center.New Yorker Nov. 10:83–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derrickson, S. R., and J. W. Carpenter. 1983. Techniques for reintroducing cranes to the wild.American Association of Zoological Veterinarians 1983:148–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derrickson, S. R., and J. W. Carpenter. 1987. Behavioral management of captive cranes: Factors influencing propagation and reintroduction. Pages 493–511in Proceedings of the 1983 international crane workshop. International Crane Foundation, Baraboo, Wisconsin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallows, J. 1981. National defense. Random House, New York. 204 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Follett, M. P. 1940.In H. C. Metcalf and L. Urwick (eds.), Dynamic administration: The papers of Mary Parker Follett. Harper and Row, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fyfe, R. W. 1977. Reintroducing endangered birds to the wild: A review. Pages 107–116in S. A. Temple (ed.), Management techniques for preserving threatened species. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, B., and J. M. Scott. 1987. Translocation of threatened and endangered wildlife: Development of a questionnaire. Pages 412–413in Proceedings of first international conference on zoological and avian medicine. Sponsored by Avian Veterinary and American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Sept. 6–11, 1987, Oahu, Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, B., and others. 1989. Translocation as a species conservation tool: Status and strategy. Science 245:477–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, D. P. 1988. Designing organizations for high performance. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. 198 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. A. 1986. Biopolitics, management of federal lands, and the conservation of the red-cockaded woodpecker.American Birds Winter:162–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janis, I. 1972. Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. 245 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G. 1985. Kelly: More than my share of it all (with Maggie Smith). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jungius, H. 1985. Prospects for reintroduction.Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 54:47–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konstant, W. R., and R. A. Mittermeier. 1982. Introduction, reintroduction and translocation of neotropical primates: Past experiences and future possibilities.International Zoo Yearbook 22:69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. 1987. Science in action. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 274 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, R. 1986. The cautionary tale of the black-footed ferret.Nature 320(6):13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillen, J. L., and others. 1987. The role of captive propagation in the recovery of the Mississippi sandhill crane.Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 12(5–6):6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, D. A., and M. L. Tushman. 1980. A model for diagnosing organizational behavior.Organizational Dynamics Autumn:35–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, L., and R. D. Brown (eds.) 1988. Translocation of wild animals. Wisconsin Human Society and Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Kingsville, Texas. 333 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, W. T. 1988. The red wolf. Pages 597–607in W. J. Chandler (ed.), Audubon Wildlife Report 1988/1989. The National Audubon Society, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, M. K., and W. T. Parker. 1988. Red wolf recovery: A progress report.Conservation Biology 2(2):139–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Presidential Commission. 1986. Report of presidential commission on the space shuttle Challenger accident. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC. 5 vols.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince, G. 1972. The practice of creativity. Collier Books, New York. 235 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schon, D. A. 1983. The reflective practitioner. Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. M., and J. W. Carpenter. 1987. Release of captive-reared or translocated endangered birds: What do we need to know?The Auk 104(3):544–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, N. R. R. 1986. California condor recovery program.In S. E. Senner and others. (eds.), Raptor conservation in the next 50 years. Raptor Research Report No. 5, Raptor Research Foundation, Hastings, Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Souder, W. E. 1987. Managing new product innovations. Heath, Lexington, Kentucky. 251 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squires, A. 1986. The tender ship: Governmental management of technological change. Birkhauser, Boston. 247 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. 1975. Stimulating creativity, volume 2: Group procedures. Academic Press, New York. 306 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temple, S. A. 1983. Is reintroduction a realistic goal?In J. Delacour (ed.), IFC symposium on breeding birds in captivity. Los Angeles.

  • Vaill, P. B. 1978. Toward a behavioral description of high-performing systems. Pages 103–124in M. McCall and M. Lombardo (eds.), Leadership: Where else can we go? Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wambaugh, J. 1984. Lines and shadows. William Morrow, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, D. 1986. Decline and fall of the black-footed ferret.Natural History 95:62–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, G. M. 1986. Becoming a technical leader. Dorset, New York. 284 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wemmer, C., and S. Derrickson. 1987. Reintroduction: The zoobiologist's dream; prospects and problems of reintroducing captive-bred wildlife. Annual conference proceedings of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria. pp. 48–65.

  • Westrum, R., and K. Samaha. 1984. Complex organizations: Growth, struggle, and change. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 344 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Clark, T.W., Westrum, R. High-performance teams in wildlife conservation: A species reintroduction and recovery example. Environmental Management 13, 663–670 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01868305

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01868305

Key words

Navigation