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Triassic carbonate development and reefbuilding in western North America

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Zusammenfassung

In den Kordilleren des westlichen Nordamerika gibt es eine Vielzahl von Beispielen mittelbis obertriadischer Karbonatfolgen. Viele von ihnen entwickelten sich als großflächige Flachwasserplattformen, die mit Inselbögen verbunden waren. Diese Plattformen enthalten aber keine größeren Riffstrukturen. Die Flachwasserfazies vieler Sequenzen enthält häufig Korallen, Spongiomorpha, Schwämme und eine Vielzahl von reichen Invertebratenfaunen. Vieles davon ist endemisch mit Ausnahme der Korallen, die große Ähnlichkeit mit den Faunen aus der Tethys aufweisen. In vielen Folgen sind kleine, lokal begrenzte riffähnliche Buildups norischen Alters enthalten.

Das Anwachsen verschieden aufgebauter Gebiete oder Mikroplatten an den westlichen Rand Nordamerikas während des Mesozoikums und ihre spätere tektonische Veränderung haben eine eingehende Interpretation der paläogeographischen Situation lange Zeit erschwert. Strukturelle, paläomagnetische und stratigraphische Untersuchungen ergeben vielversprechende Hinweise für die Identifizierung verschiedener Gebiete, indem sie die paläogeographischen und historischen Grundlagen für eine eingehende Untersuchung der riffähnlichen Komplexe und der damit verbundenen Faunen schaffen. Vergleiche mit Gegenstücken in den Alpen könnten viele der offensichtlichen Unterschiede in der Karbonatbildung dieser beiden entfernten Gebiete erklären.

Abstract

The Cordilleran region of western North American contains numerous examples of Middle to Upper Triassic carbonate sequences. Many of these developed as broad shallow-water platforms associated with island arcs. These platforms however were not characterized by extensive reef structure. Shallow-water facies in many sequences contain abundant corals, spongiomorphs, sponges, and a variety of rich invertebrate faunas. Most of these are endemic with the exception of the corals, which show much similarity with the Tethyan faunas. Small local reefoid buildups occur within many sequences, especially those of Norian age and contain local organic framework.

During the Mesozoic, the accretion to the western margin of North America of a variety of dissimilar rock “terranes” or microplates and their later structural dislocations have long hampered proper understanding of the paleogeography. Concerted structural, paleomagnetic, and stratigraphic efforts show promise for identification of various terranes, providing the paleogeographic and historical perspectives necessary for proper study of the reefoid carbonates and their associated faunas. Comparisons with counterparts in the German and Austrian Alps may explain some of the apparent differences in carbonate deposition between these two remote regions.

Résumé

Dans les cordillères de la marge occidentale de l'Amérique du Nord, on trouve de nombreux exemples de séries carbonatées du Trias moyen et supérieur. Un grand nombre de ces séries se sont développées comme de larges plates-formes néritiques liées à des arcs volcaniques. Mais ces plates-formes ne contiennent pas de structures réciphales étendues. Dans ce faciés néritique, on trouve souvent des coraux, des spongiomorphes, des éponges et des faunes d'invertébrés très riches. Une grande partie est endémique à l'exclusion des coraux qui ressemblent beaucoup aux faunes téthysiennes. Danz beaucoup de séries il y a de petits builtups récifaux d'âge norique d'une extension limitée.

L'accrétion de régions à structure différente ou de microplaques à la marge occidentale de l'Amérique du Nord au cours du Mésozoïque, et leur dislocation tectonique ultérieure ont empêché longtemps la compréhension de leur paléogéographie. Des analyses structurales, paléomagnétiques et stratigraphiques apportent une promesse favorable à l'identification des régions diverses, dans l'attente d'éléments paléogéographiques et historiques en vue d'une analyse profonde des complexes récifaux et des faunes associées. Les comparaisons avec leur homologues dans les Alpes de l'Allemagne et d'Autriche pourraient expliquer certaines des différences apparentes dans la formation des carbonates entre régions si éloignées.

Краткое содержание

В Кордильерах на запа де северной Америки н аходят многочисленные сред неи верхнетриасовые кар бонатные отложения. М ногие из них развивались в условиях мелководья и были связаны с остро вными дугами. Но эти платфор мы не имеют рифтовых стр уктур. Фаций мелковод ных отложений содержит часто кораллы, споини оморфы, губки и многоч исленную богатую фауну беспоз воночных. Многие из них являютс я эндемичными, за искл ючением кораллов, которые проявляют бо льшое сходство с фаун ой Тетиса. Во многих слоях находят маленькие, ло кально ограниченные, похожие на рифы, достройки норийского возраста.

Прирост различно пос троенных областей, ил и микроплит на западном крае северной Америки во в ремя мезозоя и их позд нейшие тектонические измен ения долгое время усложня ли интрепретацию палеогеографически х взаимоотношений. Данные структурых, па леомагнитных и стратиграфических исследований, вместе взятые, дали возможно сть идентифицировать ра зличые регионы, создав палео географические осно вы для исследований рифопо добных комплексов и связанн ой с ними фауны. При сра внении этих данных с таковыми эквивалент ов Альп можно объясни ть явные различия этих обоих, далеко отстоящих дру г от друга регионов.

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Stanley, G.D. Triassic carbonate development and reefbuilding in western North America. Geol Rundsch 71, 1057–1075 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01821118

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