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Paleo-environment of iron-rich sedimentary rocks

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Zusammenfassung

Aussagen zur Paläogeographie von sedimentären Eisenerzen sind möglich, obwohl die Bildung von Eisenerzen nicht tatsächlich beobachtet worden ist. Die sedimentären Texturen und Strukturen von kieseligen und aluminösen Eisenerzen (Typ Jaspilit = cherty iron-formation der amerikanischen Nomenklatur und Typ Minette = Minettetype ironstone) sind identisch mit denen der Kalke. Dies beweist, da\ dieselben hydrodynamischen Prozesse verantwortlich sind für die Ablagerung aller drei, chemisch verschiedenen, Gesteinstypen. Folglich kann man Fazien von Eisenerzen aufgrund ihrer sedimentären Texturen und Strukturen definieren, ohne ihre Mineralogie in Betracht zu ziehen. Aktualistische Interpretation dieser Fazien ist möglich durch Vergleich mit Rezenten Kalken. Pyritreiche Tonschiefer und Toneisensteine (die sulfide iron-formations and clay ironstones der amerikanischen Nomenklatur) sind eisenreiche Tonsteine. Die konventionellen Methoden der paleogeographischen Interpretation terrigener Sedimente können auf diese Gesteine angewandt werden.

Diagenetische Prozesse bedingen die mineralogische Zusammensetzung von Eisenerzen. Die Physiko-Chemie der diagenetischen Porenlösungen (insbesondere Eh und pH) bedingen die Diagenese der Eisenmineralien, und sind bestimmt durch den Gehalt des frischen Sedimentes an organischer Substanz, die Sedimenttextur (von der die Permeabilität und Diffusivität abhängen) und die Strömung diagenetischer Lösungen. Paläogeographie und Beckentiefe beeinflussen die mineralogische Zusammensetzung von Eisenerzen nur bedingt, durch ihren Einflu\ auf die Textur des Sediments und seinen Gehalt an organischer Substanz.

Abstract

It is possible to apply actualistic principles to the interpretation of the paleoenvironment of iron-rich sedimentary rocks, although few iron-rich sediments form today. The sedimentary textures and structures of cherty iron-formations, Minette-tpye ironstones and limestones are similar. These similarities prove that the hydrodynamic processes of the deposition of the three rock types are the same. Therefore, it is possible to define facies of cherty iron-formations and Minette-type ironstones on the basis of their sedimentary textures and structures, disregarding mineralogy, and to interprete the formative environment by comparison with Recent limestones. Shaly sulfide iron-formation and sideritic clay ironstones are ferriferous mudstones. Methods applied to the interpretation of iron-poor shales may also be applied to these two rock types.

The mineralogy of iron-rich sedimentary rocks is determined by diagenetic processes. Depositional organic content of the sediment, sediment texture (which controls diffusivity and permeability) and the groundwater flow system during diagenesis are the primary controls of iron-mineral diagenesis. Paleogeography and basin bathymetry are indirect controls of iron mineralogy, because they affect organic content and sediment texture.

Résumé

Des considérations sur la paléogéographie des minerais de fer sédimentaires suivant le principe des causes actuelles peuvent Être émises, bien qu'aucun minerai de fer ne soit actuellement en voie de formation. Les textures et structures sédimentaires des minerais de fer siliceux (type jaspilite = cherty iron-formation de la terminologie Américaine) et alumineux (type minette = Minette-type ironstone) sont identiques à celles des calcaires, ce qui indique que ce sont les mÊmes forces hydrodynamiques qui ont conditionné le dépÔt de ces trois types de roche chimiquement différents. En conséquence nous proposons de définir les faciès sédimentaires de ces minerais à partir de leurs textures et structures sédimentaires, sans prendre en considération leur minéralogie. Leur comparaison avec des faciès analogues de calcaires récents permet l'analyse paléogéographique sans enfreindre le principe des causes actuelles. D'autre part les méthodes conventionellement utilisées pour l'étude paléogéographique des séries pélitiques s'appliquent intégralement aux ardoises bitumineuses pyritifères (les sulfide ironformations des auteurs Américains) ou riches en sidérose (les clay ironstones).

Les minéraux de fer présents dans ces roches se sont formés pendant la diagénèse en fonction du potentiel oxydo-réducteur et de l'acidité du milieu diagénétique. Le contenu du sédiment en matières organiques, la texture du sédiment (qui controle la perméabilité et la diffusivité du sédiment), et les mouvements des solutions diagénétiques sont les trois facteurs principaux déterminant le milieu physico-chimique lors de la diagénèse et, par voie de consequence, la formation des minéraux ferrifères. La minéralogie des minerais de fer ne dépend de leur paléogéographie et bathymetrie que d'une faÇon indirecte, parce que le contenu du sédiment en matières organiques et sa texture dépendent de la paléogéographie.

кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕ

хОть МЕхАНИжМ ОБРАжО ВАНИь жЕлЕжНых РУД ЕЩ Ё НЕ УстАНОВлЕН, ВсЕ-жЕ ВОж МОжНы НЕкИЕ ВыскАжыВАНИь О пАлЕОгЕОгРАФИИ ЁтИх РУД ОсАДОЧНОгО пРОИсхОж ДЕНИь. ОсАДОЧНыЕ тЕкстУРы И стРУктУРы сИлИкАтНы х И АлУМИНИЕВых жАлЕжЕИ РУД - тИпА жАсп ИлИтА, ИлИ, пО АМЕРИкАН скОИ НОМЕНклАтУРЕ, cherty iron-formation И тИпА МИНЕттА, ИлИ Minette-type ironstone - ИДЕНтИЧНы тАкОВы М ИжВЕстНькА. ЁтО гОВОР Ит О тОМ, ЧтО жА ОтлОжЕН ИЕ ЁтИх тРЕх хИМИЧЕскИ ОтлИЧАУЩИхсь тИпОВ М ИНЕРАлОВ ОтВЕтстВЕН Ны ОДНИ И тЕ жЕ гИДРОДИНАМИЧЕскИ Е пРОцЕссы. слЕДОВАтЕл ьНО, ДОпУскАЕтсь ОпРЕ ДЕльть ФАцИИ жЕлЕжНых РУД пО Их ОсАДОЧНыМ тЕкст УРАМ И стРУктУРАМ БЕж пРИВлЕЧЕНИь Их МИНЕР АлОгИЧЕскОгО сОстАВА. пРАВИльНАь И НтЕРпРЕтАцИь ЁтИх ФА цИИ ВОжМОжНА пРИ сРАВНЕН ИИ сО сОВРЕМЕННыМ ИжВЕс тНькАМИ. БОгАтыЕ пИРИ тОМ глИНИстыЕ слАНцы И глИНИстыЕ жЕлЕжНьк И - пО АМЕРИкАНскОИ НОМ Е НклАтУРЕ: sulfide iron-formations И clay ironstones - ОкАжыВАУтсь БОгА тыЕ жЕлЕжОМ тОНштЕИН ы. ОБыЧНыЕ МЕтОДы пАлЕОгЕОгРАФ ИЧЕскОИ ИНтЕРпРЕтАц ИИ тЕРРИгЕННых ОсАДОЧН ых пОРОД МОжНО пЕРЕНЕстИ НА Ёт И пОРОДы. ДИАгЕНЕтИЧЕскИЕ пРО цЕссы пРЕДОпРЕДЕлИл И МИНЕРАлОгИЧЕскИИ сО стАВ жЕлЕжНых РУД. ФИжИкО-хИМИЧЕскИ Е пРОцЕссы В ДИАгЕНЕт ИЧЕскИх пОРОВых РАстВОРАх, ОсОБЕННО ЕН И pH, ОБУслО В ИлИ ДИАгЕНЕж жЕлЕжОс ОДЕРжАЩИх МИНЕРАлОВ. ЁтИ пРОцЕссы ВыжыВАл Ись пРИсУтстВИЕМ ОРг АНИЧЕскИх ВЕЩЕстВ В сВЕжЕОтлОж ИВшИхсь ОсАДкАх, тЕкстУРОИ Ёт Их ОсАДкОВ, От кОтОРОИ жАВИсИлИ пРОНИцАЕМОсть И ДИФФУжИь, И НАпРАВлЕ НИЕМ пРОНИкНОВЕНИь ДИАгЕНЕтИЧЕскИх РАс тВОРОВ. пАлЕОгЕОгРАФИь И глУ БИНА БАссЕИНА ВлИьлИ НА МИНЕРАлОгИЧЕскИИ сО стАВ жЕлЕжНых РУД тОлькО к ОсВЕННО, пОсРЕДстВОМ ВОжДЕИстВИь НА тЕкст УРУ ОсАДкОВ И НА сОДЕРжАНИЕ В НИх О РгАНИЧЕскИх ВЕЩЕстВ.

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Dimhoth, E. Paleo-environment of iron-rich sedimentary rocks. Geol Rundsch 64, 751–767 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01820694

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