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Fundamental parameters for the formation of granite-related tin deposits

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Zusammenfassung

Fünf prinzipielle Parameter werden als grundlegend für die Bildung von Zinnlagerstätten in Graniten angesehen.

  1. 1.

    Zinnlagerstätten erscheinen in der letzten Phase postkinematischer Granite zusammen mit Dehnung und/oder Scherungstektonik.

  2. 2.

    Die Ausgangsgranite verhalten sich geochemisch anormal.

  3. 3.

    Ausgangsgranite sind wasserarme Schmelzen mit niedriger Viskosität, die in tiefen Spalten passiv in ein hohes Krustenniveau aufsteigen.

  4. 4.

    Interne Kristallisation in ausgequetschten Aufwölbungen ermöglicht eine mehrphasige Granitkristallisation, eine Subsolidus-Kristallisation und Einschlie\ung von herausgelösten Fluidphasen in Kuppeln oder in Projektionen, die vom flachen, oberen Kontakt des Granites ausgehen.

  5. 5.

    Sehr späte Fluidfreigabe erfolgt vorwiegend entlang vorintrusiver Schwächezonen, nachdem die Hauptmasse des Granites kristallisiert.

Die plötzliche Freigabe von Fluid-überdruck formt Breccien, während die Freisetzung von geringer Fluid-Phasen geschichtete Lagergänge zur Folge haben oder eine Verdrängungslagerstätte, wenn das Material porös, permeabel und reaktionsfreudig ist. Diese hydrothermalen Systeme haben eine lange Geschichte mit wiederholter Hydrofraktionierung, Flüssigkeitszirkulation und Umwandlungen, Anlagerungen sowie Versiegelungen; im Gegensatz zu geschichteten Greisen-Systemen, wo Flüssigkeitüberdruck niemals längere Zeit Bestand hat. Eine lange Verweildauer der Fluide führt zu einer ausgehnten Phase mit postmagmatischen Veränderungen.

Abstract

Five principal parameters are considered fundamental for the formation of a granite-related tin deposit. (1) Tin deposits occur associated with the latest phase of post-kinematic granites in extensional and/or shear tectonic regimes. (2) The source granites are geochemically anomalous. (3) Source granites were H2O.-poor melts of low viscosity which ascended deep fractures passively to a high crustal level. (4) Inward crystallization from a pressure-quenched carapace enabled mulitphase granite crystallization, subsolidus alteration and encapsulation of exsolved fluid within cupolas or upward projection from the flattest upper contact of the granite. (5) Extremely late stage fluid release generally along pre-intrusion weakness occurs after the bulk of the granite has crystallized.

Sudden release of large fluid overpressures forms breccias, whereas sudden release of slight fluid overpressures creates a sheeted vein system or a replacement deposit if porous, permeable, reactive rocks are encountered. These hydrothermal systems have a long history of repeated hydrofracturing, fluid circulation, alteration/precipitation and sealing in contrast to sheeted greisen systems wherein fluid overpressures were never excessive and a long fluid residence time created a protracted period of post-magmatic alteration.

Résumé

Lors de la formation d'une minéralisation en étain en relation avec un granite, cinq paramètres principaux sont considérés comme fondamentaux:

  1. (1)

    Les gÎtes d'étain sont associés à la dernière phase de granites post-cinématiques dans des régions tectoniques d'extension et/ou de cisaillement.

  2. (2)

    Les granites d'origine présentent des anomalies géochimiques.

  3. (3)

    Ces granites proviennent de liquides de faible viscosité, pauvres en H2O., qui sont montés passivement par des fractures profondes jusqu'à un niveau élevé de la croûte.

  4. (4)

    La cristallisation centripète à partir d'une enveloppe comprimée permet une cristallisation multiphase du granite, une altération sub-solidus et un emprisonnement des fluides d'exsolution dans des coupoles, ou leur expulsion vers le haut si le contact supérieur du granite est plat.

  5. (5)

    Des émissions de fluides très tardifs se produisent après la cristallisation du corps granitique, généralement le long de zÔnes de faiblesses pré-existant à l'intrusion.

Le reláchement soudain d'une forte surpression des fluides engendre des brèches, tandis que le relâchement soudain d'une faible surpression crée un système de veines ou un gÎte de substitution si les roches rencontrées sont poreuses, perméables et réactives. Ces systèmes hydrothermaux possèdent une longue histoire de phénomènes répétés de facturation hydraulique, de circulation de fluides, d'altération, de précipitation et de consolidation; ils contrastent ainsi avec les systèmes de greisens rubanés dans lesquels la surpression des fluides n'a jamais été excessive et la longue durée de stagnation de ceux-ci a permis une période prolongée d'altération post-magmatique.

кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕ

сЧИтАУт, ЧтО Дль ОБРАж ОВАНИь жАлЕжЕИ ОлОВА В гРАНИтАх ВАжНыМ ьВльУтсь 5 УслО ВИИ:

  1. 1.

    жАлЕжИ ОлОВА ОБРАжУУ тсь НА пОслЕДНЕИ ФАжЕ пОст-кИНЕМАтИЧЕскИх гРАНИтОВ пРИ тЕктОНИ кЕ РАстьжЕНИь И/ИлИ скОльжЕНИь.

  2. 2.

    гЕОхИМИЧЕскОЕ пОВЕД ЕНИЕ ИсхОДНых гРАНИт ОВ АНОРМАльНО.

  3. 3.

    ИсхОДНыЕ гРАНИты ьВл ьУтсь РАсплАВАМИ, БЕД НыМИ ВОДАМИ, И ОБлАДАУт НИж кОИ ВьжкОстьУ; ОНИ пОД НИМАУтсь пО глУБОкИМ тРЕЩИНАМ пАссИВНО ДО ВышЕ РАспОлОжЕННых гОРИж ОНтОВ кОРы.

  4. 4.

    пРОцЕсс кРИстАллИжА цИИ гРАНИтОВ В ВыДАВл ЕННых кУпАлАх пРОтЕкАЕт МН ОгОФАжОВО, с сУБсОлИД УсНОИ кРИстАллИжАцИЕИ И Вк лУЧЕНМ ВыДЕлЕННых ФлУИДНых ФАж В сВОДы, И лИ ВЕРхНУУ ЧАсть сВОД ОВ, пРИМыкАУЩУУ к ВЕРхНИ М кОНтАктАМ гРАНИтОВ.

  5. 5.

    пОжДНЕИшЕЕ ВыВЕДЕНИ Е ФлУИДОВ пРОИсхОДИт гл. ОБР. пО ДО-ИНтРУжИВНОИ ОслАБлЕННОИ жОНЕ пОс лЕ ОБРАжОВАНИь глАВНОИ МАссы гРАНИтОВ.

БыстРыИ спАД жНАЧИтЕ льНОгО ДАВлЕНИь ФлУИ ДОВ ВЕДЕт к пОьВлЕНИУ БРЕкЧИИ, А ВыДЕлЕНИЕ НЕБОльшИх ОБЩЕМОВ ФлУИДНОИ ФАж ы пРИВОДИт к ОБРАжОВА НИУ НАслОЕННых жИл, ИлИ жЕ, В слУЧАЕ пОРИстОгО, пЕРМЕАБЕльНОгО И спОсОБНОгО к РЕАкцИ ьМ МАтЕРИАлА, к жАМЕЩЕННыМ жАлЕжАМ. т АкИЕ гИДРОтЕРМАльНы Е сИстЕМы ИМЕУт ДОлгУУ ИстОРИУ РАжВИтИь с пОВтОРьУЩ ИМИсь пРОцЕссАМИ ФРАкцИОН ИРОВАНИь ВОДы, цИРкУльцИИ ФлУИДОВ, п РЕОБРАжОВАНИь Их И Вы пАДЕНИь МЕтАллОВ, ЧтО пРИВОДИ т ИНОгДА к ОБРАжОВАНИ У жАкРытых сИстЕМ, В Отл ИЧИЕ От слОИстых сИст ЕМ гРЕИжЕНОВ, гДЕ ИжБытО ЧНОЕ ДАВлЕНИЕ жИДкОс тЕИ ОЧЕНь НЕпРОДОлжИтЕл ьНО, ОДНАкО Их ДлИтЕль НОЕ пРИсУтстВИЕ пРИВОДИ т к пОслЕМАгМАтИЧЕск ИМ пРЕОБРАжОВАНИьМ.

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  1. I. R. Plimer

    Present address: Department of Geology, University of Newcastle, 2308, Newcastle, N.S.W., Australien

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    Plimer, I.R. Fundamental parameters for the formation of granite-related tin deposits. Geol Rundsch 76, 23–40 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01820571

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