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Ocean-wide stagnation episodes in the Late Cretaceous

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Zusammenfassung

Während der oberen Kreide entstanden bevorzugt anoxische Bedingungen, sowohl in den tiefen Gebieten des Atlantiks und der westlichen Tethys, als auch in den naheliegenden epikontinentalen Meeren. Nach der im ganzen Atlantik vorkommenden sedimentären Lücke des mittleren Cenomans, dauerte die Anaerobiose, mit mehreren Unterbrechungen, vom obersten Cenoman bis zum Santon, jedenfalls im östlichen Teil des Ozeans (Cape-Verde und Angola Becken). Andernorts war sie zeitlich auf den Grenzbereich zwischen Cenoman und Turon beschränkt, außer im Süden des Rio Grande-Walvis Rückens, wo sie durch Bohrungen noch nicht festgestellt wurde. In den epikontinentalen Teilen des Paläo-ozeans Amerikas, Afrikas u. Europas kennt man auch mehrere anoxische Sedimentlagen, die in mächtige oxische Ablagerungen eingebettet sind. Also scheint das im obersten Cenoman beginnende anoxische Ereignis eine globale Bedeutung zu besitzen. Kleinere Flächen von anoxischen Ablagerungen des unteren Senons wurden auch in den südlichen Alpen, in Nordafrika, in Israel und vielleicht in Australien entdeckt. Sie stehen aber in keinem weltweiten Zusammenhang. Aus der Untersuchung der Wechsellagerung der oxischen und anoxischen Schichten läßt sich die Lage der oxischen Wassermassen zur Zeit der Ablagerung bestimmen. Das anoxische Cenoman-Turon Ereignis bewirkte verschiedene geochemische Unregelmäßigkeiten in den Sedimenten und hatte gleichfalls eine partielle Erneuerung der gesamten Fauna zur Folge. Um ein solch seltsames Ereignis, wie diese globale Anoxie um die Wende Cenoman-Turon zu verstehen, ist es nötig, das Zusammenwirken verschiedener Faktoren, wie Meeresspiegel- und Klimaschwankungen, kontinentale Einflüsse, organische Produktivität, Sedimentationsraten usw. zu erfassen.

Abstract

Marine sediment location spread over a wide range of environments contain evidence of anoxic intervals dated early Late Cretaceous. In the north and south deep Atlantic deposition of anoxic layers followed a widespread sedimentary hiatus of Middle Cenomanian age. In the eastern-central parts of the Atlantic (Angola and Cape Verde basins) rythmic deposition of anoxic layers commenced in the Latermost Cenomanian and lasted as late as the Santonian. In the rest of the deep north Atlantic on the contrary anoxia duration was probably limited to the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary or thereabout. Late Cretaceous anoxic layer is not yet recorded south of the Walvis-Rio Grande Rises in the South Atlantic. In a number of locations in marginal and epicontinental seas in America, Africa and Europe previously related to the Tethys a few anoxic layers dated Cenomanian-Turonian are intercalated within thick oxic series. Coniacian to Santonian anoxic layers are limited to small areas in epeiric and marginal domains in the southern Alps, North Africa, Israel, North America (Santonian in the Western Interior) and (?) Australia all with no clear link with any ocean-wide event of early Senonian age. Rythmical alternation of oxic/anoxic layers helps to document the emplacement of sediment and disposition of anaerobic water masses. Development of anoxia at about the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary induced abnormal concentration of trace metals and a partial renewal of the marine fauna. To understand the relationship between a number of factors such as sea-level changes, climates, terrestrial influences, biogenic fertility, sedimentation rates, etc., is essential to explain of the very peculiar anoxic global event of early Late Cretaceous age.

Résumé

Le Crétacé supérieur a été une période favorable au développement de milieux anoxiques depuis les régions profondes de l'Atlantique et de la Tethys occidentale jusqu'aux mers épicontinentales adjacentes. Après une lacune sédimentaire datée du Cénomanien moyen et générale dans l'Atlantique, l'anaérobiose a duré de manière épisodique depuis le Cénomanien terminal jusqu'au Santonien dans la partie orientale de l'océan (bassins du Cap Vert et de l'Angola). Ailleurs, elle a été restreinte dans le temps aux alentours de la limite Cénomanien-Turonien, sauf au Sud de la ride Rio-Grande Walvis où elle n'a pas été reconnue encore par forage. Plusieurs couches de sédiments anoxiques présentes dans des séries plus ou moins épaisses, déposées en milieu aérobie sont connues également à la limite Cénomanien-Turonien, dans les mers épicontinentales fossiles d'Amérique, d'Afrique et d'Europe. Il semble donc que l'événement anoxique commençant à l'extrême fin du Cénomanien ait un caractère global. Des dépôts anoxiques d'âge Sénonien inférieur ont été repérés aussi sur des surfaces limitées dans les Alpes méridionales, en Afrique du Nord, en Amérique du Nord (Santonien du Western Interior Basin), en Israel et peut-être en Australie. L'êtude des alternances de couches aérobies et anaérobies de différents types permet la reconstitution de la disposition des masses d'eau anoxiques au moment du dépôt. L'événement anoxique du Cénomanien-Turonien a déterminé diverses anomalies géochimiques dans les sédiments ainsi qu'un renouvellement d'une partie de la faune benthique et planctonique. La compréhension des relations mutuelles complexes entre les différents facteurs qui régissent les caractéristiques des milieux océaniques est essentielle pour interpréter un événement aussi singulier que l'anoxie globale datée des alentours de la limite Cénomanien-Turonien.

Краткое содержание

В течение верхнего ме ла, как в глубинах древ него Атлантического океа на и западного Тетиса, так и вблизи эпиконтинент альных морей, появлял ись в осадочных породах бе скислородные зоны. Ес ли исходить из пробелов в осадочн ых породах среднего сеномана, то это состо яние продолжалось, с многочисленными перерывами, от верхне го сеномана до сантона — по крайне й мере в восточной час ти океана (мыс Верд и бассейн Анг олы). В других регионах это состояние можно о тнести к рубежу между сеноманом и туроном, за исключен ием хребта Rio Grande-Walvis на юге, где этот феноме н с помощью буровых скважин установить н е удалось. В эпиконтинентальны х частях палеокеана А мерики, Африки и Европы извес тны значительные гор изонты бескислородных отло жений, заключенные в мощные слои обычных о тложений. Т. о. кажется, что в сеномане имело м есто некое бескислор одные событие глобального масштаба. Небольшие п рослои отложений бескислор одных осадков пример но возраста нижнего сен омана известны также в южных Альпах, северно й Америке, в Израиле и А встралии, но они имеют только ре гиональное значение. При исследовании отл ожений кислородных и бескислородных осад ков можно определить положение водных масс, богатых к ислородом во время осадконакопления. Бе скислородное событи е в сеномане-туроне нару шило геохимические закономерности осадочных пород и выз вало одновременно частичную смену обще й фауны и флоры. Чтобы понять такое своеобр азное событие, как гло бальная бескислородность на рубеже сеноман-турон, необходимо установить взаимоде йствие различных фак торов, как-то: колебания уров ня моря, колебания климата, влияние мате риков, биологическая продуктивность скорость осадконако плени итд.

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Author notes

  1. P. C. de Graciansky

    Present address: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, 60 Bd Saint Michel, 75272, Paris Cédex 06, France

  2. G. Deroo, J. P. Herbin, L. Montadert & C. Müller

    Present address: Institut Français du Pétrole, B.P. 311, 92506, Rueil-Malmaison Cédex, France

  3. T. Jacquin & F. Magniez

    Present address: Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Université de Dijon et U.A.C.N.R.S. no 157, 6, Bd Gabriel, 2100, Dijon, France

  4. C. Ponsot

    Present address: Geology department, Colorado School of Mines, 80401, Golden, CO, USA

  5. A. Schaaf

    Present address: GIS Océanologie et Géodynamique, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29287, Brest, France

  6. J. Sigal

    Present address: , 33, rue de Montreuil, 94300, Vincennes, France

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    1. P. C. de Graciansky
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    Thanks to a remarkable set of recent data the presence of anoxic deposits in the early Late Cretaceous has been documented in environments as different as the deep Atlantic Ocean and marginal and epicontinental seas over enormous surfaces in America, Africa and Europe as well as in the Western Tethys and at several locations in the Pacific. The occurrence of laminated carbonaceous shales with marine organic matter in an unoxidized state implies deposition and early diagenesis in anaerobic environments.

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    de Graciansky, P.C., Deroo, G., Herbin, J.P. et al. Ocean-wide stagnation episodes in the Late Cretaceous. Geol Rundsch 75, 17–41 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01770176

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