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Hydrothermal alteration as a control of regional geochemistry and ore formation in the central Baltic Shield

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Zusammenfassung

Über 1000 proterozoische Eruptivgesteine der vulkanisch-sedimentären Erzprovinz in Mittelschweden wurden auf Haupt- bzw. Spurenelemente analysiert. Die Gesteine bilden eine Folge mit Schwerpunkt auf basaltischen und insbesondere rhyolitischen Zusammensetzungen, während Andesite nur schwach vertreten sind. Die primärmagmatische Zusammensetzung hat wenig Bezug zu den Erzen, die genetisch größtenteils an sekundäre Veränderungen gebunden sind. Hydrothermale Metasomatose hat eine regionale Verbreitung. Auch von den makroskopisch intakten, 732 analysierten, sauren porphyrischen Eruptivgesteinen sind mehr als die Hälfte durchgreifend verändert. Die metasomatischen Prozesse führten zu extremer Natriumund Kaliumdifferenzierung und zu Fe-Mg-Si-Beziehungen, die nicht auf magmatische Differentiation zurückzuführen sind. Anreicherung von Na und Mg und Auslaugen der erzbildenden Metalle treten in den tieferen Teilen der vulkanischen Schichtenfolge auf. Die höheren Lagen werden von kalireichen Metavulkaniten, Karbonatgesteinen und vulkanogenen, erzassoziierten Sedimenten beherrscht. Metasomatische Gesteinsumwandlung und Erzbildung sind zwei Teilprozesse einer großräumigen hydrothermalen Konvektion, durch die Meereswasser durch die Schichtenfolge getrieben wurde. Die erzbildenden chemischen Bestandteile wurden dabei den tieferen Teilen des Vulkanitpaketes entzogen und an oder nahe der Oberfläche angereichert.

Abstract

In a geochemical study of the Proterozoic volcano-sedimentary Bergslagen ore province in central Sweden, more than 1000 eruptive rocks were analyzed for main and trace elements. The volcanic rocks form a bimodal suite dominated by rhyolites but deficient in andesites. Igneous geochemical variation bears little relevance to the occurrence and distribution of ores which mostly appear related to secondary alteration patterns. Hydrothermal metasomatic alteration occurs on a regional scale and has affected markedly more than half of the 732 analyzed, macroscopically fresh, porphyritic volcanic rocks. Metasomatism produced extreme Na- and K-differentiation, and Fe-Mg-Si relationships incompatible with igneous variation patterns. Enrichment in Na and Mg, and leaching of ore-forming metals are prominent in the lower parts of the volcanic pile, whereas meta-volcanics enriched in K and volcanogenic sediments associated with ores and marbles dominate the upper levels. The metasomatic alteration of the volcanic rocks and the formation of most ores are two aspects of a comprehensive process of hydrothermal convection which circulated sea water, extracted the ore-forming elements from the lower levels of the volcanic pile and enriched them at or close to the top of the volcanic sequence.

Résumé

Dans le cadre d'une étude géochimique de la province protérozoïque volcano-sédimentaire minéralisée de Bergslagen (Suède centrale), plus de 1000 échantillons de roches magmatiques ont été analysés (éléments majeurs et traces). Ces roches volcaniques forment une suite dominée par les rhyolites et les basaltes, tandis que les andésites sont peu représentées. Les variations géochimiques montrent peu de relation avec la distribution des minerais, ceux-ci étant surtout engendrés lors de processus d'altération secondaires. En effet, une métasomatose hydrothermale s'est manifestée à l'échelle régionale au point d'affecter plus de la moitié des 732 porphyres volcaniques acides analysés, en dépit de l'aspect de fraîcheur qu'ils présentent macroscopiquement. La métasomatose se traduit par un fractionnement extrême de Na et K, ainsi que par des relations entre Fe-Mg-Si incompatibles avec la différenciation magmatique. La partie inférieure de la série volcanique stratifiée montre un enrichissement en Na et Mg ainsi qu'un lessivage des métaux des minerais. Dans la partie supérieure de la série, les termes dominants sont des métavolcanites riches en K, des marbres et des sédiments volcanogènes associés aux minerais. La modification métasomatique et la genèse des minerais sont deux aspects d'un vaste processus de convection hydrothermale qui a fait circuler l'eau de mer à travers la pile stratifiée, en enlevant les métaux des minerais dans la partie inférieure pour les concentrer dans la partie pouche du sommet.

Краткое содержание

Приведены результат ы исследования более 1000 образцов протерозой ских эруптивных и вулканогенно-осадоц ных пород из рудной прови нции средней Швеции на осн овные и микроэлемент ы. Эти породы составляю т свиту преимуществе нно базальтового и, в особ енности, риолитового состава; андезиты вст речаются редко. Первичный состав пор од с рудами не связан; п оследние являются в большинст ве своем продуктами вторичного образова ния. Гидротермальный метасоматоз имеет ог ромное региональное развитие. На основании анализо в 732 макроскопически свежих кислых порфир овых эруптивных поро д было установлено, что более половины из них оказались сильно изм ененными. Метасомати ческие процессы приводят к к райним накоплениям натрия и калия, а также к соотношениям желез а, магния и кремния, кото рые нельзя связать с магматической дифференциацией. Нак опление нат рия и магния наряду с в ыщелачиванием рудоо бразующих элементов установле но в глубоко залегающ их горизонтах вулканич еских свит. В горизонт ах, залегающих выше, госп одствуют богатые калием метавулканит ы, карбонатные породы, а также вулканогенны е осадки, ассоциирова нные с рудами. Метасоматич еское преобразовани е пород и рудообразование — э то части единого проц есса, происходившего при о бширной гидротермал ьной конвекции, вызвавшей просачивание морской воды сквозь п ороды свиты. При этом рудообразующие химические элементы мигрировали из нижнего отрезка ву лканической пачки в верхний.

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Lagerblad, B., Gorbatschev, R. Hydrothermal alteration as a control of regional geochemistry and ore formation in the central Baltic Shield. Geol Rundsch 74, 33–49 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01764568

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