Abstract
Self-punishments, hyperaggressiveness, stereotyped behaviors, bizarre movements, and masturbation are more typical of adult-male isolates than of adult-male wild-born rhesus. These differences persist into the 13th year. Social exploration and cage-shaking are also depressed in isolates. A number of speculative explanations are offered for many isolate behaviors. An individual animal's abnormalities not only change but decrease with age and the kinds and frequencies of abnormalities decrease as isolates habituate to a new situation. The behavior of controls is much less variable than is the behavior of isolates. Saluting and eyeball pressing correlate with reduced levels of arousal. Isolate “abnormalities” are viewed as “normal” responses to an altered ecology.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altmann, S. A., 1962. A field study of the sociobiology of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 102(2): 338–435.
Baysinger, C. M, E. M. Brandt, &G. Mitchell, 1972. Development of infant social isolate monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in their isolation environments.Primates, 13: 257–270.
Berkson, G., 1967. Abnormal stereotyped motor acts. In:Comparative Psychopathology-Animal and Human,J. Zubin &H. F. Hunt (eds.), Grune & Stratton, New York, pp. 76–94.
——, 1968. Development of abnormal stereotyped behaviors.Develop. Psychobio., 1(2): 118–132.
Brandt, E. M., C. W. Stevens, &G. Mitchell, 1971. Visual social communication in adult male isolate-reared monkeys (Macaca mulatta).Primates, 12: 105–112.
Cross, H. A. &H. F. Harlow, 1965. Prolonged and progressive effects of partial isolation on the behavior of macaque monkeys.J. Exp. Res. Pers., 1(1): 39–49.
Fittinghoff, N. A., Jr., D. G. Lindburg, &G. Mitchell, 1971. Failure to find polydipsia in isolation-reared monkeys.Psychon. Sci., 22(5): 277–278.
Foley, J. P., Jr., 1934. First year development of a rhesus monkey (M. mulatta) reared in isolation.J. Genet. Psychol., 45: 39–105.
——, 1935. Second year development of a rhesus monkey (M. mulatta) reared in isolation.J. Gent. Psychol., 47: 73–97.
Harlow, H. F. &M. K. Harlow, 1962. Social deprivation in monkeys.Sci. Amer., 207: 137–146.
——, 1959. Affectional responses in the infant monkey.Science, 130: 421–432.
van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M., 1962. Facial expressions in higher primates.Symp. zool. Soc. Lond., 8: 97–125.
van Lawick-Goodall, J., 1965. New discoveries among Africa's chimpanzees.Nat. Geog., 128(6): 802–831.
Marler, P., 1968. Aggregation and dispersal: Two functions in primate communication. In:Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability Phyllis C. Jay (ed.), Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, New York, pp. 420–438.
Mason, W. A., 1963. The effects of environmental restriction on the social development of rhesus monkeys. In:Primate Social Behavior C. H. Southwick (ed.), D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, N. J., pp. 161–173.
——, 1968. Early social deprivation in the nonhuman primates: Implications for human behavior. In:Environmental Influences,D. C. Glass (ed.), Rockfeller University & Russell Sage Foundation, New York, pp. 70–100.
Mitchell, G. D., 1968. Persistent behavior pathology in rhesus monkeys following early social isolation.Folia primat., 8: 132–147.
——, 1970. Abnormal behavior in primates. In:Primate Behavior: Developments in Field and Laboratory Research,Leonard Rosenblum (ed.), Academic Press, Inc., New York, pp. 195–249.
——, 1967. Repeated maternal separation in the monkey.Psychol. Sci., 8(5): 197–198.
——, 1966. Long-term effects of total social isolation upon behavior of rhesus monkeys.Psychol. Rep., 18: 567–580.
Møller, G. W., H. F. Harlow, &G. D. Mitchell, 1968. Factors affecting agonistic communication in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).Behaviour, 31(3–4): 339–357.
Odom, B., G. Mitchell, &D. Lindburg, 1970. A device to record primate social behavior.Primates, 11: 93–96.
Rowell, T. E. &R. A. Hinde, 1962. Vocal communication by the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 138: 279–294.
Seay, B. M., E. W. Hansen, &H. F. Harlow, 1962. Mother-infant separation in monkeys.J. Child Psychol., Psychiat., 3: 123–132.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This research was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants MH22253, RR 00169, and HD 04335, as well as by University of California, Davis, Faculty Research Grants D-515 and D-552.
Requests for reprints should be sent toG. Mitchell, Department of Psychology.
About this article
Cite this article
Fittinghoff, N.A., Lindburg, D.G., Gomber, J. et al. Consistency and variability in the behavior of mature, isolation-reared, male rhesus macaques. Primates 15, 111–139 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01742276
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01742276