Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A survey of priority rule-based scheduling

  • Survey
  • Published:
Operations-Research-Spektrum Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

In this paper, we survey the literature on heuristic priority rule-based job shop scheduling. Priority rules have been intensively investigated over the last 30 years by means of simulation experiments. They are also used in Shop Floor Control software systems. We present a classification, a characterization, and an evaluation of elementary priority rules. Some priority rule-related model extensions are discussed.

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über heuristische, prioritätsregelgestützte Auftragsreihenfolgeplanung gegeben. Prioritätsregeln sind in den letzten 30 Jahren eingehend anhand von Simulations-Experimenten untersucht worden. Sie haben ebenso in Programmsysteme zur Produktionsplanung und-steuerung Eingang gefunden. Der Beitrag bemüht sich um eine Klassifizierung, Charakterisierung und Beurteilung von elementaren Prioritätsregeln. Abschließend werden einige prioritätsregelrelevante Modellerweiterungen angeschnitten.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Adam D (1987) Ansätze zu einem integrierten Konzept der Fertigungssteuerung bei Werkstattfertigung. In: Adam D (Hrsg) Neuere Entwicklungen in der Produktions- und Investitionspolitik. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Herbert Jacob. Gabler, Wiesbaden, pp 17–52

    Google Scholar 

  2. Adam D (1988) Die Eignung der belastungsorientierten Auftragsfreigabe fur die Steuerung von Fertigungsprozessen mit diskontinuierlichem Materialfluß. Z Betriebsw 58:98–115

    Google Scholar 

  3. Adam N, Bertrand JWM, Surkis J (1984) Effective priority rules related to due date performance in multi-level assembly jobs. Paper presented at the TIMS XXVI meeting, Copenhagen, TB 11.1

  4. Adam N, Surkis J (1980) Priority update intervals and anomalies in dynamic ratio type job shop scheduling rules. Manag Sci 26:1227–1237

    Google Scholar 

  5. Aggarwal SC, McCarl BA (1974) The development and evaluation of a cost-based composite scheduling rule. Nav Res Log Q 21:155–169

    Google Scholar 

  6. Aggarwal SC, Wyman FP, McCarl BA (1973) An investigation of a cost-based rule for job-shop scheduling. Int J Prod Res 11:247–261

    Google Scholar 

  7. Arumugam V, Ramani S (1980) Evaluation of value time sequencing rules in a real world job shop. J Op Res Soc 31: 895–904

    Google Scholar 

  8. Baker CT, Dzielinsky BP (1960) Simulation of a simplified job shop. Manag Sci 6:311–323

    Google Scholar 

  9. Baker KR (1968) Priority dispatching in the single channel queue with sequence-dependent setups. J Ind Eng:203–206

  10. Baker KR (1974) Introduction to sequencing and scheduling. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  11. Baker KR (1984) Sequencing rules and due-date assignments in a job shop. Manag Sci 30:1093–1104

    Google Scholar 

  12. Baker KR, Bertrand JWM (1981) An investigation of duedate assignment rules with constrained tightness. J Op Manag 1:109–120

    Google Scholar 

  13. Baker KR, Bertrand JWM (1982) A dynamic priority rule for sequencing against due dates. J Op Manag 3:37–42

    Google Scholar 

  14. Baker KR, Kanet JJ (1983) Job shop scheduling with modified due dates. J Op Manag 4:11–22

    Google Scholar 

  15. Baker KR, Kanet JJ (1984) Improved decision rules in a combined system for minimizing job tardiness. Int J Prod Res 22:917–921

    Google Scholar 

  16. Berg CC (1979) Prioritätsregeln in der Reihenfolgeplanung. In: Kern W (Hrsg) HWProd, Poeschel, Stuttgart, pp 1425–1433

    Google Scholar 

  17. Berr U, Tangermann HP (1976) Einfluß von Prioritätsregeln auf die Kapazitätsterminierung der Werkstattfertigung. Wt-Z Ind Fertig 66:7–12

    Google Scholar 

  18. Berry WL, Finley RA (1976) Critical ratio scheduling with queue waiting information: an experimental analysis. AIIE-Transact 8:161–168

    Google Scholar 

  19. Berry WL, Rao V (1975) Critical ratio scheduling: an experimental analysis. Manag Sci 22:192–201

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bertrand JWM (1983) The effect of workload dependent due-dates on job shop performance. Manag Sci 29:799–816

    Google Scholar 

  21. Biendl P (1984) Ablaufsteuerung von Montagefertigungen. Haupt, Bern Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  22. Biggs JR (1979) Heuristic lot-sizing and sequencing rules in a multistage production-inventory system. Dec Sci 10: 96–115

    Google Scholar 

  23. Biggs JR (1985) Priority rules for shop floor control in a material requirements planning system under various levels of capacity. Int J Prod Res 23:33–46

    Google Scholar 

  24. Blackstone JH Jr, Phillips DT, Hogg GL (1982) A state-of-the-art survey of dispatching rules for manufacturing job shop operations. Int J Prod Res 20:27–45

    Google Scholar 

  25. Brown RG (1968) Simulations to explore alternative sequencing rules. Nav Res Log Q 15:281–286

    Google Scholar 

  26. Browne J, Davies BJ (1984) The design and validation of a digital simulation model for job shop control decision making. Int J Prod Res 22:335–357

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bulkin MH, Colley JL, Steinhoff HW (1967) Load forecasting, priority sequencing, and simulation in a job shop control system. Manag Sci 13:B29-B51

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bunnag P, Smith SB (1985) A multifactor priority rule for jobshop scheduling using computer search. IIE-Transact 17:141–146

    Google Scholar 

  29. Buzi K (1971) Die Simulation optimaler Prioritätsregeln für die Ablaufplanung in der Werkstattfertigung. Westdeutscher Verlag, Köln Opladen

    Google Scholar 

  30. Caroll DC (1965) Heuristic sequencing of single and multiple component jobs. PhD thesis, MIT, Cambridge/Mass

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cheng TCE (1986) Optimal due-date assignment in a job shop. Int J Prod Res 24:503–515

    Google Scholar 

  32. Colley JL Jr (1968) Principles for scheduling job shops. Syst Proced J 19, No 4

  33. Conway RW (1965) Priority dispatching and work-in-process inventory in a job shop. J Ind Eng 16:123–130

    Google Scholar 

  34. Conway RW (1965) Priority dispatching and job lateness in a job shop. J Ind Eng 16:228–237

    Google Scholar 

  35. Conway RW, Maxwell WL (1962) Network dispatching by the shortest operation discipline. Oper Res 10:51–73

    Google Scholar 

  36. Conway RW, Maxwell WL, Miller LW (1967) Theory of scheduling. Addison-Wesley, Reading/Mass

    Google Scholar 

  37. Conway RW, Maxwell WL, Oldziey JW (1966) Sequencing against due-dates. In: Hertz DB, Melèse J (eds) Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Operational Research. Wiley, New York, pp 599–617

    Google Scholar 

  38. Day JE, Hottenstein MP (1970) Review of sequencing research. Nav Res Log Q 17:11–39

    Google Scholar 

  39. Deane RH, Moodie CL (1972) A dispatching methodology for balancing workload assignments in a job shop production facility. AIIE-Transact 4:277–283

    Google Scholar 

  40. Dörken W (1973) Simulationsmodelle und ihre Anwendung bei der Analyse von Prioritätsregeln zur Maschinenbelegungsplanung. Arbeitsvorb 10:89–95, 115–122

    Google Scholar 

  41. Dornia M (1976) Aufbau- und ablauforientierte Untersuchungen an einem Simulationsmodell der Mehrstellenbedienung. Dissertation, Köln

  42. Eilon S (1973) Research note: The job shop simulation programme. Int J Prod Res 11:299–300

    Google Scholar 

  43. Eilon S (1979) Production scheduling. In: Haley KB (ed) OR '78. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 237–266

    Google Scholar 

  44. Eilon S, Chowdhury IG (1976) Due dates in job shop scheduling. Int J Prod Res 14:223–237

    Google Scholar 

  45. Eilon S, Chowdhury IG, Serghiou SS (1975) Experiments with the SI rules in job-shop scheduling. Simulation 24: 45–48

    Google Scholar 

  46. Eilon S, Cotterill DJ (1968) A modified SI rule in job shop scheduling. Int J Prod Res 7:135–145

    Google Scholar 

  47. Eilon S, Hodgson RM (1967) Job shops scheduling with due dates. Int J Prod Res 6:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ellinger T (1976) Reihenfolgeplanung. In: Grochla E, Wittmann W (eds) HWB 4. Aufl, Poeschel, Stuttgart, pp 3412–3420

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ellinger T, Schmitz P, Goldbecker H, Haupt R, Oellers B (1978) Simulationssystem für Reihenfolgeprobleme der industriellen Fertigung. Rationalisierung 29:17–21, 43–45

    Google Scholar 

  50. Elmaghraby SE (ed) (1973) Symposium on the theory of scheduling and its applications. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  51. Elvers DA (1973) Job shop dispatching using various due date setting criteria. Prod Inv Manag 14:62–69

    Google Scholar 

  52. Elvers DA (1974) The sensitivity of the relative effectiveness ob job shop dispatching rules with respect to various arrival distributions. AIIE-Transact 6:41–49

    Google Scholar 

  53. Elvers DA, Taube LR (1983) Deterministic/stochastic assumptions in job shops. Eu J Oper Res 14:89–94

    Google Scholar 

  54. Elvers DA, Taube LR (1983) Time completion for various dispatching rules in job shops. Omega 11:81–89

    Google Scholar 

  55. Fabrycky WJ, Shamblin JE (1966) A probability based sequencing algorithm. J Ind Eng 17:308–312

    Google Scholar 

  56. Farn CK, Muhlemann AP (1979) The dynamic aspects of a production scheduling problem. Int J Prod Res 17:15–21

    Google Scholar 

  57. Fischer H, Thompson GL (1963) Probabilistic learning combinations of local job shop scheduling rules. In: Muth JF, Thompson GL (eds) Industrial scheduling, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, chap 15

    Google Scholar 

  58. Fleischmann B (1987) Operations-Research-Modelle und -Verfahren in der Produktionsplanung (Übersichtsvortrag). In: Isermann H et al. (eds) Operations Research Proceedings 1986. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 278–285

    Google Scholar 

  59. French S (1982) Sequencing and scheduling. An introduction to the mathematics of the job-shop. Horwood, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  60. Gere WS (1966) Heuristics in job shop scheduling. Manag Sci 13:167–190

    Google Scholar 

  61. Goodwin JS, Goodwin JC Jr (1982) Operating policies for scheduling assembled products. Dec Sci 13:585–603

    Google Scholar 

  62. Goodwin JS, Weeks JK (1986) Evaluating scheduling policies in a multi-level assembly system. Int J Prod Res 24:247–257

    Google Scholar 

  63. O'Grady PJ, Harrison C (1985) A general search sequencing rule for job shop sequencing. Int J Prod Res 23:961–973

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gräßler D (1968) Der Einfluß von Auftragsdaten und Entscheidungsregeln auf die Ablaufplanung von Fertigungsstraßen. Dissertation, TH Aachen

  65. Graves SC (1977) A note on “Critical ratio scheduling: an experimental analysis” (Note). Manag Sci 23:1358–1359

    Google Scholar 

  66. Graves SC (1981) A review of production scheduling. Oper Res 29:646–675

    Google Scholar 

  67. Green GI, Appel LB (1981) An empirical analysis of job shop dispatch rule selection. J Oper Manag 1:197–203

    Google Scholar 

  68. Hauk W (1972) Beitrag zur Lösung des Reihenfolgeproblems bei der Auftragsplanung. Z Wirtsch Fert 67:45–49

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hauk W (1973) Einplanung von Produktionsaufträgen nach Prioritätsregeln. Eine Untersuchung von Prioritätsregeln mit Hilfe der Simulation. Beuth, Berlin Köln Frankfurt

    Google Scholar 

  70. Haupt R (1977) Reihenfolgeplanung im Sondermaschinenbau. Gabler, Wiesbaden

    Google Scholar 

  71. Haupt R (1978) Simulationsuntersuchungen zur Reihenfolgeplanung unter dem Einfluß von Vereinheitlichungs-Elementen in der Produktion. In: Brockhoff K et al. (eds) Proceedings in Operations Research 7. Physica, Würzburg Wien, pp 247–256

    Google Scholar 

  72. Haupt R (1987) Produktionstheorie und Ablaufmanagement. Zeitvariable Faktoreinsätze und ablaufbezogene Dispositionen in Produktionstheorie- und -planungs-Modellen. Poeschel, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  73. Hershauer JC, Ebert RJ (1975) Search and simulation selection of a job shop sequencing rule. Manag Sci 21:833–843

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hoffmann TR, Scudder GD (1983) Priority scheduling with cost considerations. Int J Prod Res 21:881–889

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hollier RH (1986) A simulation study of sequencing in batch production. Oper Res Q 19:389–407

    Google Scholar 

  76. Huang PY (1984) A comparative study of priority dispatching rules in a hybrid assembly job shop. Int J Prod Res 22:375–387

    Google Scholar 

  77. Jackson JR (1957) Simulation research on job shop production. Nav Res Log Q 4:287–295

    Google Scholar 

  78. Jones CH (1973) An economic evaluation of job shop dispatching rules. Manag Sci 20:293–307

    Google Scholar 

  79. Kanet JJ (1982) On anomalies in dynamic ratio type scheduling rules: a clarifying analysis. Manag Sci 28: 1337–1341

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kanet JJ, Hayya JC (1982) Priority dispatching with operation due-dates in a job shop. J Oper Manag 2:155–163

    Google Scholar 

  81. Kettner H, Bechte W (1981) Neue Wege der Fertigungssteuerung durch belastungsorientierte Auftragsfreigabe. VDI-Z 123:459–465

    Google Scholar 

  82. Knolmayer G, Holdhof J (1986) BORA versus DORA: Ein Vergleich zweier Terminplanungsverfahren. Arbeitsvorbereitung 23:163–165

    Google Scholar 

  83. Le Grande E (1963) The development of a factory simulation system using actual operating data. Manag Tech 3: 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  84. Maxwell WL (1969) Priority dispatching and assembly operations in a job shop. The RAND Corp Memorandum RM-5370-PR, Santa Monica/Cal

  85. Maxwell WL, Mehra M (1968) Multiple-factor rules for sequencing with assembly constraints. Nav Res Log Q 15:241–254

    Google Scholar 

  86. Mellor P (1966) A review of job shop scheduling. Oper Res Q 17:161–171

    Google Scholar 

  87. Miller LW, Ginsberg AS, Maxwell WL (1975) An experimental investigation of priority dispatching in a simple assembly shop. In: Geisler MA (ed) Logistics, TIMS Studies in the Management Sciences, vol 1. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 125–142

    Google Scholar 

  88. Miyazaki S (1981) Combined scheduling system for reducing job tardiness in a job shop. Int J Prod Res 19:201–211

    Google Scholar 

  89. Moodie CL, Novotny DJ (1968) Computer scheduling and control systems for discrete part production. J Ind Eng 19:336–341

    Google Scholar 

  90. Moodie CL, Roberts SD (1968) Experiments with priority dispatching rules in a parallel processor shop. Int J Prod Res 6:303–312

    Google Scholar 

  91. Moore JM, Wilson RC (1967) A review of simulation research in job shop scheduling. Prod Inv Manag 8:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  92. Mosier CT, Elvers DA, Kelly D (1984) Analysis of group technology scheduling heuristics. Int J Prod Red 22:857–875

    Google Scholar 

  93. Müller A (1987) Produktionsplanung und Pufferbildung bei Werkstattfertigung. Gabler, Wiesbaden

    Google Scholar 

  94. Müller G (1978) Job-Shop-Simulation auf dem Minicomputer: Ein Instrument zur Reihenfolge- und Terminplanung in der Textillohnveredelungsindustrie. Dissertation, Universität Zürich

  95. Müller-Merbach H (1979) Ablaufplanung, Optimierungsmodelle zur. In: Kern W (Hrsg) HWProd, Poeschel, Stuttgart, pp 38–52

    Google Scholar 

  96. Muhlemann AP, Lockett AG, Farn CI (1982) Job shop scheduling heuristics and frequency of scheduling. Int J Prod Res 20:227–241

    Google Scholar 

  97. Nanot YR (1963) An experimental investigation and comparative evaluation of priority disciplines in job shoplike queuing networks. Manag Sci Res Proj, UCLA, Report No 87-1963

  98. Nelson RT (1967) Labor and machine limited production systems. Manag Sci 13:648–671

    Google Scholar 

  99. New CC (1975) Job shop scheduling: is manual application of dispatching rules feasible? Oper Res Q 21:35–43

    Google Scholar 

  100. Oral M, Malouin JL (1973) Evaluation of the shortest processing time scheduling rule with truncation process. AIIE-Transact 5:357–365

    Google Scholar 

  101. Ow PS (1985) Focused scheduling in proportionate flowshops. Manag Sci 31:852–869

    Google Scholar 

  102. Pabst HJ (1985) Analyse der betriebswirtschaftlichen Effizienz einer computergestützten Fertigungssteuerung mit CAPOSS-E in einem Maschinenbauunternehmen mit Einzel- und Kleinserienfertigung. Lang, Frankfurt Bern New York

    Google Scholar 

  103. Pai AR, McRoberts KL (1971) Simulation research in interchangeable part manufacturing. Manag Sci 17:B732-B743

    Google Scholar 

  104. Panwalkar SS, Iskander W (1977) A survey of scheduling rules. Oper Res 25:45–61

    Google Scholar 

  105. Papendieck AJ (1971) Reihenfolgen und Losgroen in der Serienfertigung, untersucht an einem praxisbezogenen Simulationsmodell. Dissertation TH Braunschweig

  106. Paulik R (1984) Kostenorientierte Reihenfolgeplanung in der Werkstattfertigung. Haupt, Bern Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  107. Pinto PA, Khumawala BM, Susko JA (1983) Application of a heuristic scheduling rule for a tyre testing department. J Opl Res Soc 34:243–248, 910

    Google Scholar 

  108. Putnam AO, Everdell R, Dormann GH, Cronan RR, Lindgren LH (1971) Updating critical ratio and slack time priority scheduling rules. Prod Inv Manag 12:51–73

    Google Scholar 

  109. Ragatz GL, Mabert VA (1984) A framework for the study of due date management in job shops. Int J Prod Res 22: 685–695

    Google Scholar 

  110. Reiter S (1966) A system for managing job shop production. J Business 39:371–393

    Google Scholar 

  111. Rinnooy Kan AHG (1976) Machine scheduling problems. Classification, complexity and computations. Nijhoff, Den Haag

    Google Scholar 

  112. Rochette R, Sadowski RP (1976) A statistical comparison of the performance of simple dispatching rules for a particular set of job shop. Int J Prod Res 14:63–75

    Google Scholar 

  113. Rowe AJ (1960) Toward a theory of scheduling. J Ind Eng 11:125–136

    Google Scholar 

  114. Russell RS, Taylor BW (1985) An evaluation of scheduling policies in a dual resource constrained assembly shop. IIE-Transact 17:219–232

    Google Scholar 

  115. Sägesser R (1976) Analytische und heuristische Methoden zur Lösung des Reihenfolgeproblems mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Werkstattfertigung. Dissertation, Sankt Gallen

  116. Sammler A (1970) Diskussion von Vorrangregeln (Prioritäten) zur Lösung des Reihenfolgeproblems in der Planung und Lenkung der Einzelteilefertigung. Fertigungstechnik Betrieb 20:408–411

    Google Scholar 

  117. Scudder GD (1984) Priority scheduling and spares stocking policies for a repair shop: the multiple failure case. Manag Sci 30:739–749

    Google Scholar 

  118. Scudder GD (1986) Scheduling and labor-assignment policies for a dual-constrained repair shop. Int J Prod Res 24:623–634

    Google Scholar 

  119. Scudder GD, Hoffmann TR (1985) An evaluation of value based dispatching rules in a flow shop. E J Oper Res 22: 310–318

    Google Scholar 

  120. Scudder GD, Hoffmann TR (1985) Composite cost-based rules for priority scheduling in a randomly routed job shop. Int J Prod Res 23:1185–1195

    Google Scholar 

  121. Sculli D (1980) Priority dispatching rules in job shops with assembly operations and random delays. Omega 8: 227–234

    Google Scholar 

  122. Sen T, Gupta SK (1984) A state-of-art survey of static scheduling research involving due dates. Omega 12:63–76

    Google Scholar 

  123. Siegel GB (1971) An investigation of job shop scheduling for jobs with assembly constraints. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca/NY

    Google Scholar 

  124. Sprotte HG (1970) Simultane Termin- und Reihenfolgeplanung bei Mehrproduktunternehmen mit Auftragsfertigung und stochastischem Auftragseingang. Dissertation, Universität Köln

  125. Stecke KE, Solberg JJ (1981) Loading and control policies for a flexible manufacturing system. Int J Prod Res 19: 481–490

    Google Scholar 

  126. Subramanyam S, Askin RG (1986) An expert systems approach to scheduling in flexible manufacturing systems. In: Kusiak A (ed) Flexible manufacturing systems: Methods and Studies. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 243–256

    Google Scholar 

  127. Tangermann HP (1973) Auftragsreihenfolgen und Losgrößen als Instrument der Fertigungsterminplanung, untersucht an einem praxisbezogenen Simulationsmodell. Dissertation, TH Braunschweig

  128. Trilling DR (1966) Job-shop simulation of orders that are networks. J Ind Eng 17:59–71

    Google Scholar 

  129. Vepsalainen APJ, Morton TE (1987) Priority rules for job shops with weighted tardiness costs. Manag Sci 33:1035–1047

    Google Scholar 

  130. Weeks JK (1979) A simulation study of predictable duedates. Manag Sci 25:363–373

    Google Scholar 

  131. Weeks JK, Fryer JS (1976) A simulation study of operating policies in a hypothetical dual-constrained job shop. Manag Sci 22:1362–1371

    Google Scholar 

  132. Weeks JK, Fryer JS (1977) A methodology for assigning minimum cost due-dates. Manag Sci 23:872–881

    Google Scholar 

  133. Wegner N (1978) Simulation von Einplanungs- und Abfertigungsstrategien bei Werkstattfertigung. Dissertation, TU Hannover

  134. Wiendahl HP (1987) Die belastungsorientierte Fertigungssteuerung. Oldenbourg, München Wien

  135. Wiendahl HP, Buchmann W (1984) Realisierung alternativer Fertigungssteuerungsstrategien. VDI-Z 126:327–334

    Google Scholar 

  136. Worrall BM, Mert B (1980) Application of dynamic scheduling rules in maintenance planning and scheduling. Int J Prod Res 18:57–74

    Google Scholar 

  137. Zijm WHM (1988) Flexible Manufacturing Systems: background, examples, and models. In: Schellhaas H et al. (ed) Operations Research Proceedings 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 142–161

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lehrstuhl für Personalwirtschaft, Universität zu Köln, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, D-5000, Koln 41, Federal Republic of Germany

    R. Haupt

Authors
  1. R. Haupt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Haupt, R. A survey of priority rule-based scheduling. OR Spektrum 11, 3–16 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01721162

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01721162

Keywords

Search

Navigation