References
Bollen WB (1961) Interactions between pesticides and microorganisms. Ann Rev Microbiol 15:69–92.
Chakravarty P, SS Sidhu (1987) Effect of glyphosate, hexazinone, and triclopyr on in vitro growth of five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. J For Path 17:204–210.
Fletcher K, B Freedman (1986) Effects of the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4,5-T, and 2,4-D on forest litter decomposition. Can J For Res 16:6–9.
Foster RH, RB McKenchen (1973) Laboratory incubation studies of chlorophenoxyacetic acids in chernozoic soils. Soil Biol Biochem 5:333–350.
Ghassemi M, L Fargo, P Painter, S Quinlivan, R Scofield, A Takata (1981) Environmental Fates and Impacts of Major Forest Use Pesticides, cited by Sassman et al (1984).
Harley JL, SE Smith (1983) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, Inc. New York, N.Y.
Ibola C (1978) The influence of 2,4-D on ectotromycorrhizal symbiosis in pine and spruce seedlings. Eur J For Pathol 8:379–383.
Kelley WD, DB South (1980) Effects of herbicides on in vitro growth of mycorrhizae of pine (Pinus spp.). Weed Sci 28:599–602.
Kreutzer WA (1963) Selective toxicity of chemicals to soil microorganisms. Ann Rev Phytopathol 1:101–126.
Lake DB, DJ Ippoliti, CC Brandow, WJ Otrosina (1981) Effect of herbicides on the growth ofPisolithus tinctorius andScleroderma aurantium in pure culture, p. 62 in: Fifth North American Conference on Mycorrhizae. Aug. 16–21, 1981. Quebec, P.Q.
Martin JP (1963) Influence of pesticide residues on soil microbiological and chemical properties. Residue Rev 4:96–129.
Marx DH (1969) The influence of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi on the resistance of pine roots to pathogenic infections. 1. Antagonism of mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria. Phytopathology 59:153–163.
Marx DH, SJ Rowan (1981) Fungicides influence growth and development of sensitive specific ectomycorrhizae on loblolly pine seedlings. Forest Sci 27:167–176.
McKellar RL, OE Schubert, BC Byrd, LP Stevens, EJ Morton (1982) Aerial application of Garlon 3A herbicide to a West Virginia watershed. Down to Earth 38:15–19.
Morash R, B Freedman, R McCurdy (1987) Persistence of glyphosate in foliage and litter, in: Environmental Impacts of Silvicultural Glyphosate Use. Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Service. Dartmouth, N.S.
Norris LA (1981) The movement, persistence, and fate of the phenoxy herbicides and TCDD in the forest. Residue Rev 80: 65–135.
Plumb TR, LA Norris, ML Montgomery (1977) Persistence of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in chapparal soil and vegetation. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 17:1–8.
Pritchard FH, AW Bourquin (1984) The use of microcosms for evaluation of interactions between pollutants and microorganisms. Adv Microb Ecol 7:133–215.
Rhodes RC (1980) Soil studies with carbon-14 labelled hexazinone. J Agric Food Chem 28:311–315.
Rhodes RC, RL Krause, MH Williams (1977) Microbial activity in soils treated with hexazinone. Soil Sci 129:311–314.
Rueppel ML, BB Brightwell, JS Chaeter, JT Marvel (1977) Metabolism and degradation of glyphosate in soil and water. J Agric Food Chem 25:517–522.
Sassman J, R Pienta, M Jones, J Cioffi (1984) Pesticide Background Statements. Volume 1.: Herbicides. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 633. Washington, D.C.
Trappe JM, R Molina, M Castellano (1984) Reactions of mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhiza formation to pesticides. Ann Rev Phytopathol 22:331–359.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Estok, D., Freedman, B. & Boyle, D. Effects of the herbicides 2,4-D, glyphosate, hexazinone, and triclopyr on the growth of three species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42, 835–839 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01701623
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01701623