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Principles and limitations of operative management of intraabdominal infections

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Abstract

Operative management of intraabdominal infections still rests on the principles of elimination of focus, reduction of contamination of the peritoneal cavity, and treatment of residual infection. To control the source of contamination from a perforated viscus primary closure, exclusion or resection may be considered with respect to the severity of peritonitis and to the underlying disease. The principle of “peritoneal toilet” with complementary use of systemic and/or local antibiotics is generally accepted even if the value of aggressive debridement is still debated controversely. For the treatment of residual and the prevention of recurrent infection, closed and open lavage techniques, the left-open abdomen, and planned relaparotomy represent the major approaches in severe generalized peritonitis when the infectious focus might not be securely controlled. The values and disadvantages of different regimens are discussed, additional measures are briefly described, and an outlook on areas of further research is given.

Résumé

Le traitement chirurgical des infections intra-abdominales repose sur l'élimination des foyers septiques, la réduction de la contamination de la cavité péritonéale et le traitement de l'infection résiduelle. Pour contrôler la source de contamination qu'est la fermeture primitive de la perforation d'un organe creux, on peut pratiquer une résection ou une dérivation selon la sévérité de la péritonite ou le terrain. Le principe de la “toilette péritonéale” avec utilisation complémentaire d'antibiotiques par voie locale ou systémique est admis mais sa valeur est fort contestée. Quant au traitement des infections résiduelles et à la prévention des récidives, on peut utiliser les techniques d'irrigation ouverte ou fermée, le ventre ouvert et le second look, techniques majeures dans l'approche de la péritonite généralisée sévère lorsqu'on ne peut contrôler le foyer infectieux avec sécurité. La valeur et les inconvénients des différentes techniques sont discutées. On décrit également les méthodes adjuvantes et les domaines de la recherche future.

Resumen

El manejo operatorio de las infecciones intraabdominales todavía se fundamenta en los principios de eliminar el foco, reducir la contaminación de la cavida peritoneal, y tratar la infección residual. Para controlar la fuente de contaminación a partir del cierre primario de una víscera perforada se puede considerar la exclusion o la resección, según la gravedad de la peritonitis y de la enfermedad de base. El principio de la “toilet peritoneal” con el empleo complementario de antibióticos sistémicos y/o locales es generalmente aceptado, aunque la utilidad del desbridamiento agresivo es todavía motivo de controversia. En cuanto al tratamiento de la infección residual y la prevención de la infección recurrente, las técnicas de lavado abierto y cerrado, el abdomen abierto (laparostomía), y la relaparotomía programada representan los principales aproches en casos de peritonitis generalizada severa en que el foco infeccioso no puede ser controlado con entera seguridad. Se discuten las ventajas y desventajas de los diferentes regímenes, se describen brevemente las medidas terapéuticas adicionales, y se presenta una visión prospectiva sobre las áreas de investigación futura.

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Farthmann, E.H., Schöffel, U. Principles and limitations of operative management of intraabdominal infections. World J. Surg. 14, 210–217 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01664875

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