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Operative ultrasonography during hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery

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Abstract

On the basis of our experience with operative ultrasonography during hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, its indications, benefits, and disadvantages are summarized. High- resolution operative ultrasound scanning of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas was performed during 357, 735, and 242 operations, respectively. The benefits of operative ultrasonography were categorized as acquisition of diagnostic information otherwise not available, replacement for or complement to operative radiography, and guidance of surgical procedures. Operative ultrasonography provided beneficial information during 73 of 82 hepatic operations (89.0%), 57 of 69 noncalculous biliary operations (82.6%), and 177 of 242 pancreatic operations (73.1%). Operative ultrasonography was significantly superior (sensitivity 93.3%) to other screening tests for diagnosing liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma evaluated in 189 patients, and it detected previously unrecognized metastatic tumors in 18 patients (9.5%). For screening common bile duct calculi during 666 operations, operative ultrasonography and operative cholangiography were comparable in all indices of accuracy except for a higher predictability of a positive test of operative ultrasonography (94.8% versus 71.7%). For diagnosing portal vein invasion of pancreatic carcinoma, operative ultrasonography provided better overall accuracy than preoperative studies (89.7% versus 64.1%). On the basis of operative ultrasound findings, previously planned surgical procedures were altered in 32 of 82 hepatic operations (39.0%) and 24 of 145 pancreatic operations for chronic pancreatitis (16.6%). Operative ultrasound guidance of various surgical procedures was performed during 88 hepatic and 84 pancreatic operations, including 40 ultrasound- guided hepatectomies and 42 pancreatotomies. Operative ultrasonography has a number of advantages, such as safety and speed in performance, wide application, high diagnostic accuracy, and ability of guiding procedures. Its disadvantages are the limitation of the fields of view in certain applications, the need for special equipment, and a slow learning curve.

Résumé

Basés sur une expérience personnelle, les indications, les avantages et les inconvénients de l'échographie peropératoire dans la chirurgie hépatobiliaire sont résumés. Une échographie peropératoire à haute résolution a été pratiquée au niveau du foie, des voies biliaires et du pancréas au cours de, respectivement, 357, 735, et 242 interventions. Un bénéfice a été défini lorsque cet examen a permis de faire un diagnostic non décélé par les moyens habituels, de replacer or d'ajouter de l'information acquise par la radiologie préopératoire ou d'influencer l'acte opératoire. Ceci a été le cas dans 73 des 82 interventions hépatiques (89.0%), dans 57 des 69 interventions biliaires non lithiasiques (82.6%) et dans 177 des 242 interventions sur le pancréas (73.1%). La sensibilité de l'échographie peropératoire a été de 93.3%, supérieure à celle des autres examens pour faire le diagnostic de métastases hépatiques d'origine colorectale chez 189 patients; cet examen a, entre autres, permis de détecter des métastases hépatiques non vues par les examens habituels chez 18 patients (9.5%). En ce qui concerne les calculs de la voie biliaire principale, explorée pendant 666 interventions, la précision de l'échographie peropératoire a été tout à fait comparable à celle de la cholangiographie peropératoire, exception faite de la valeur prédictive positive (94.8% vs 71.7%). Dans le diagnostic de l'envahissment de la veine porte parles cancers pancréatiques, l'échographie peropératoire était plus précise que les autres examens préopératoires (89.7% vs 64.1%). Basé sur les données de l'échographie peropératoire, la tactique opératoire a été modifiée dans 32 des 82 interventions hépatiques (39.0%) et dans 24 des 145 opérations pour pancréatite chronique (16.6%). L'échographie peropératoire a été utilisée pour guider les gestes opératoires dans 88 et 84 interventions hépatiques et pancréatiques, respectivement, y compris 40 hépatectomies et 42 pancréatectomies. L'échographie peropératoire présente beaucoup d'avantages, une précision diagnostique élevée et la possibilité de guider des gestes opératoires. Ses inconvénients sont une limitation du champ de vision dans certaines applications, le besoin d'un équipement spécialisé et une courbe d'apprentissage lent.

Resumen

Con base en nuestra experiencia, se resumen las indicaciones, beneficios y desventajas de la ultrasonografía operatoria en el curso de cirugía biliar y pancreática. Se realizó escanografía ultrasonográfica de alta resolución del hígado, del tracto biliar y del páncreas en el curso de 357, 735 y 242 operaciones, respectivamente. Los beneficios de la ultrasonografía operatoria fueron categorizados como: adquisición de nueva información diagnóstica no disponible en otra forma, reemplazo o complemento de radiografías operatorias y guía de los procedimientos operatorios. La ultrasonografía operatoria aportó information benéfica en 73 de 82 operaciones hepáticas (89.0%), en 57 de 69 operaciones biliares para entidades no asociadas con cálculos (82.6%) y en 177 de 242 operaciones pancreáticas (73.1%). La ultrasonografía operatoria demostró ser significativamente superior (sensibilidad: 93.3%) a otras pruebas escanográficas en el diagnóstico de metástasis hepáticas de carcinoma colorrectal en 189 pacientes valorados, y logró detectar tumores metastásicos previamente no identificados en 18 pacientes (9.5%). En cuanto a la pesquisa de cálculos en el colédoco en el curso de 666 operaciones, la ultrasonografía operatoria y la colangiografía operatoria aparecieron comparables en todos los indices de certeza, excepto una más alta capacidad de predicción de resultado positivo en la ultrasonografía operatoria (94.8% versus 71.7%), la cual, además, permite delinear la anatomía de los órganos vecinos, en tanto que la colangiografía revela el tracto biliar solamente. En el diagnóstico de invasión de la vena porta por parte de carcinoma pancreático, la ultrasonografía operatoria probó ser de mayor certeza, globalmente, que los estudios preoperatorios (89.7% versus 64.1%). Con base en los hallazgos ultrasonográficos operatorios, se modifió el plan quirúrgico previo en 32 de 82 operaciones hepáticas (39.0%) y en 24 de 145 operaciones pancreáticas por pancratitis crónica (16.6%). La guía ultrasográfica de diversos procedimientos fue realizada en el curso de 88 operaciones hepáticas y de 84 operaciones pancreáticas, incluyendo 40 hepatectomías y 42 pancreatectomías guiadas por ultrasonografía. La ultrasonografía operatoria exhibe un número de ventajas, tales como seguridad y velocidad, amplia aplicación, elevada certeza diagnóstica y capacidad de guiar diversos procedimientos. Sus desventajas son la limitación de determinados campos visuales en algunas circunstancias, la necesidad de equipos especiales y una lenta curva de aprendizaje.

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Machi, J., Sigel, B., Zaren, H.A. et al. Operative ultrasonography during hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery. World J. Surg. 17, 640–645 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01659130

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