Skip to main content
Log in

Radical resection and liver grafting as the two main components of surgical strategy in the treatment of proximal bile duct cancer

  • Published:
World Journal of Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the proximal bile duct, our current strategy is to resect the tumor radically and to offer patients with unresectable tumors the chance of hepatic transplantation, if extrahepatic tumor growth is exluded. Tumor resection is performed by resection of the hilum alone or combined with partial hepatectomy. The latter procedure enables radical treatment of more advanced tumor stages and, eventually, a higher degree of radically is achieved, and is recommended. This concept is based on our experience with 108 patients with proximal bile duct carcinoma operated on between February, 1975 and October, 1986.

In 10 patients, no therapeutic or palliative surgical procedure could be performed during laparotomy because of advanced tumor stage. In 30 patients, various drainage procedures were performed. Fifty-two patients underwent resection: 25 underwent resection of the hilum only, and 27 underwent resection of the hilum combined with partial liver resection. Twenty-eight of these resections were classified as curative and 24 as palliative. Sixteen patients with unresectable tumors had hepatic transplantation. In 7 of these patients, extrahepatic tumor growth was already present at the time of liver transplantation.

Median survival times were: laparotomy only, 1 month; drainage procedures, 5 months; total resection, 15 months; curative resection, 23 months; palliative resection, 7 months; liver grafting, 16 months. Seven patients are alive up to 21 months posttransplantation. On the basis of favorable results in our more recent group of patients, liver grafting as the ultimate chance for tumor removal in patients otherwise treatable only by palliative drainage procedures may be justified.

Résumé

Pour traiter le cancer de la partie supérieure de l'arbre biliaire la stratégie actuelle des auteurs est de procéder à l'exérèse radicale de la tumeur ou de pratiquer une transplantation lorsque la tumeur ne peut Être réséquée dès lors qu'il n'y a pas d'extension extra-hépatique du processus tumoral. L'exérèse de la tumeur est effectuée par résection isolée du hile biliaire ou résection associée de la lésion et d'un segment du foie; cette dernière méthode qui s'applique aux cancers plus étendus est recommandée car plus radicale. Leur conception repose sur leur expérience concernant 108 cas opérés de février 1975 à octobre 1986.

Chez 10 malades aucune intervention radicale ou palliative ne put Être pratiquée en raison du stade avancé de la tumeur. Chez 30 patients: différentes opérations de drainage furent pratiquées. En revanche, 52 sujets subirent une exérèse: 25 une résection biliaire, 27 une résection du hile associée à une hépatectomie partielle; 28 de ces résections étant considérées comme opération palliative, 24 comme palliative. Seize malades qui présentaient une lésion inacessible à l'exérèse ont été traités par une transplantation hépatique mais 7 d'entre eux accusèrent ultérieurement une extension extra-hépatique du processus tumoral.

Les temps de survie furent de 1 mois après laparotomie, 5 mois après intervention de drainage, 15 mois après résection, 23 mois après opération dite curative, 7 mois après opération dite palliative, 21 mois après transplantation chez 7 malades. En raison des résultats favorables chez les derniers malades, la transplantation hépatique constitue pour les auteurs l'ultime chance de traitement radical des patients qui relèveraient autrement d'une opération palliative de drainage du fait de l'importance de la tumeur.

Resumen

Nuestra estrategia actual en el tratamiento del adenocarcinoma de la porción proximal del canal biliar es la resección radical del tumor y, para los pacientes con tumores no resecables, la posibilidad de trasplante hepático si se ha demostrado que no hay crecimiento tumoral extrahepático. La resección tumoral es realizada mediante la resección del hilio solamente o combinada con hepatectomía parcial. Este Último procedimiento, que hace posible el tratamiento radical de los estados tumorales más avanzados y que eventualmente logra un mayor grado de radicalidad, es el recomendado. El concepto se fundamenta en la experiencia con 108 pacientes con carcinoma del canal biliar proximal operados entre febrero de 1975 y octubre de 1986.

En 10 pacientes no fue posible realizar procedimiento alguno de tipo terapéutico o paliativo durante la laparotomía debido al avanzado estado del tumor. Diversos procedimientos de drenaje fueron ejecutados en 30 pacientes. Cincuenta y dos pacientes fueron sometidos a resección, 25 con resección del hilio solamente, 27 con resección combinada con resección parcial del hígado; 28 de las resecciones fueron clasificadas como curativas y 24 como paliativas; 16 pacientes con tumores no resecables reciberion trasplante hepático, y en 7 de ellos había crecimiento tumoral extrahepático en el momento del trasplante hepático.

Las supervivencias medias fueron: laparotomía, 1 mes; procedimientos de drenaje, 5 meses; resección total, 15 meses; resección curativa, 23 meses; resección paliativa, 7 meses; trasplante hepático, 16 meses. Siete pacientes se hallan vivos a los 21 meses posttrasplante. Con base en los resultados favorables en el grupo más reciente de nuestros pacientes, el trasplante de hígado como la Última posibilidad de remoción del tumor en pacientes que no podrían ser tratados sino mediante procedimientos paliativos de drenaje, puede estar justificado.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Klatskin, G.: Adenocarcinoma of the hepatic duct at its bifurcation within the porta hepatis. An unusual tumor with distinctive clinical and pathological features. Am. J. Med.38:241, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  2. Terblanche, J., Saunders, S.J., Louw, J.H.: Prolonged palliation in carcinoma of the main hepatic duct junction. Surgery71:720, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  3. Longmire, W.P., McArthur, M.S., Bastounis, E.A., Hiatt, J.: Carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tract. Ann. Surg.178:333, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  4. Fortner, J.G., Kallum, B.O., Kim, D.K.: Surgical Management of carcinoma of the junction of the main hepatic ducts. Ann. Surg.184:68, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  5. Iwatsuki, S., Gordon, R.D., Shaw, Jr., B.W., Starzl, T.E.: Role of liver transplantation in cancer therapy. Ann. Surg.202:401, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  6. Neuhaus, P., Broelsch, C.E., Ringe, B., Pichlmayr, R.: Liver transplantation for liver tumors. In Therapeutic Strategies in Primary and Metastastic Liver Cancer, C. Herfarth, P. Schlag, P. Hohenberger, editors, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, Springer-Verlag, 1986, pp. 221–228

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bismuth, H., Corlette, M.B.: Intrahepatic cholangioenteric anastomosis in carcinoma of the hilus of the liver. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.140:170, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  8. Todoroki, T., Okamura, T., Fukao, K., Nishimura, A., Otsu, H., Sato, H., Iwasaki, Y.: Gross appearance of carcinoma of the main hepatic duct and its prognosis. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.150:33, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  9. Johnson, P.W., Safai, C., Goffinet, D.R.: Malignant obstructive jaundice: Treatment with external-beam and intracavitory radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.2:411, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  10. Luska, G., Junger, D., Lehr, L., Rieder, P.: Perkutan transluminale Bestrahlung von Gallenwegscarcinomen mit Iridium. Fortschr. Röntgenstr.144:722, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  11. Iwasaki, Y., Ohto, M., Todoroki, T., Okamura, T., Nishimura, A., Sato, H.: Treatment of carcinoma of the biliary system. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.144:219, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  12. Launois, B., Campion, J.-P., Brissot, P., Gosselin, M.: Carcinoma of the hepatic hilus. Surgical management and the case for resection. Ann. Surg.190:151, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  13. Evander, A., Fredlund, P., Hoevels, J., Ihse, I., Bengmark, S.: Evaluation of aggressive surgery for carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Ann. Surg.191:23, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  14. Blumgart, L.H., Hadjis, N.S., Benjamin, I.S., Beazley, R.: Surgical approaches to cholangiocarcinoma at the confluence of hepatic ducts. Lancet1:66, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  15. Terblanche, J., Louw, J.H.: U tube drainage in the palliative therapy of carcinoma of the main hepatic duct junction. Surg. Clin. North Am.53:1245, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cameron, J.L., Gayler, B.W., Zuidema, G.D.: The use of Silastic transhepatic stents in benign and malignant biliary stenosis. Ann. Surg.188:552, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  17. Beazley, R.M., Hadjis, N., Benjamin, I.S., Blumgart, L.H.: Clinicopathological aspects of high bile duct cancer. Experience with resection and bypass surgical treatments. Ann. Surg.199:623, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  18. Akwari, O.E., Kelly, K.A.: Surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma. Location: Junction of the right, left, and common hepatic ducts. Arch. Surg.114:22, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  19. Tsuzuki, T., Ogata, Y., Nakanishi, I., Takenaka, Y., Yoshii, H.: Carcinoma of the bifurcation of the hepatic ducts. Arch. Surg.118:1147, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  20. Alexander, F., Rossi, R.L., O'Bryan, M., Khettry, U., Braasch, J.W., Watkins, E.: Biliary carcinoma. A review of 109 cases. Am J. Surg.147:503, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gazzaniga, G.M., Faggioni, A., Filauro, M.: Surgical treatment of proximal bile duct tumors. Int. Surg.70:45, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  22. Adkins, R.B., Dunbar, L.L., McKnight, W.G., Farringer, J.L.: An aggressive surgical approach to bile duct cancer. Am. Surg.52:134, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  23. Iwasaki, Y., Okamura, T., Ozaki, A., Todoroki, T., Takase, Y., Ohara, K., Nishimura, A., Otsu, H.: Surgical treatment for carcinoma at the confluence of the major hepatic ducts. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.162:457, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mizumoto, R., Kawarada, Y., Suzuki, H.: Surgical treatment of hilar carcinoma of the bile duct. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.162:153, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  25. Pichlmayr, R., Lehr, L., Ziegler, H.: Resektion hilusnaher Gallengangscarcinome statt palliativer Gallenwegsdrainage. Langenbecks Arch. Chir.359:275, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sagakuchi, S., Nakamura, S.: Surgery of the portal vein in resection of cancer of the hepatic hilus. Surgery99:344, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  27. Calne, R.Y.: Liver transplantation for liver cancer. World J. Surg.6:76, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  28. Starzl, T.E., Iwatsuki, S., Shaw, Jr., B.W., Gordon, R.D.: Orthotopic liver transplantation in 1984. Transplant. Proc.17:250, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  29. Calne, R.Y., Williams, R., Rolles, K.: Liver transplantation in the adult. World J. Surg.10:422, 1986

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pichlmayr, R., Ringe, B., Lauchart, W. et al. Radical resection and liver grafting as the two main components of surgical strategy in the treatment of proximal bile duct cancer. World J. Surg. 12, 68–77 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658489

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658489

Keywords

Navigation