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Total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis

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Abstract

The pros and cons of total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis are discussed based on the author's experience and on the collective results with this operation at St. Mark's Hospital, London, over a 20-year period. Its chief merits are that it is easy to perform, carries a low operative mortality and morbidity, and, when it works well, usually affords excellent anorectal function. It has 2 main disadvantages: in a proportion of cases it proves unable to control the disease because of continuous or recurrent activity of the residual proctitis, and occasionally a carcinoma may develop in the rectal stump. But patients who have failed with it can easily be salvaged, as a rule, by proceeding to a proctectomy and ileoanal anastomosis (or ileostomy). As for the risk of cancer arising in the rectum, fortunately, this can now be largely contained by regular follow-up attendances, at which rectal biopsies are taken to look for evidence of the premalignant change of severe epithelial dysplasia, a precaution that is absolutely essential after this operation.

Important points in the technique of ileorectal anastomosis are emphasized, and the suitability of the operation for colitis in various clinical settings is examined.

Résumé

Les facteurs pour ou contre la colectomie totale complétée par une anastomose iléo-rectale pour traiter la colite ulcéreuse sont discutés par l'auteur en fonction de sa proper expérience et des résultats obtenus par cette opération au St. Mark's Hospital de Londres au cours d'une période de 20 ans. Les mérites principaux de l'intervention sont la simplicité de sa réalisation, le taux faible de la morbidité et de la mortalité, les résultats excellents de la fonction ano-rectale en général. Elle présente cependant 2 inconvénients majeurs: dans un certain nombre de cas, elle est incapable de contrÔler totalement l'affection car des lésions rectales continuent à évoluer ou récidivent après une accalmie; dans quelques cas un cancer peut se développer au niveau du rectum. Cependant dans le premier cas les malades peuvent Être traités efficacement en procédant à la protectomie et à la constitution d'un réservoir iléo-anal (ou à une iléostomie). Quant au risque de cancer du rectum, il peut maintenant Être supprimé en suivant attentivement ces opérés et en procédant sans hésiter à la biopsie de toute zone suspecte pour dépister une dysplasie épithéliale marquée qui constitue une lésion pré-cancéreuse.

Les détails techniques importants de la constitution d'un réservoir iléo-anal pour traiter la colite ulcéreuse sont soulignés et les possibilités de sa réalisation dans différentes organisations sont étudiées.

Resumen

Las ventajas y desventajas de la colectomía total y anastomosis ileorrectal para colitis ulcerosa son discutidos por el autor con base en su experiencia personal y los resultados colectivos con esta operación en el St. Mark's Hospital de Londres en un período de 20 años. Sus méritos principales incluyen la facilidad de ejecución, la baja mortalidad y morbilidad operatorias, y el hecho de que, cuando funciona bien, provee una excelente función anorrectal. Posee 2 desventajas principales: en un cierto nÚmero de casos no se logra el control de la enfermedad debido a actividad continuada o recurrente de la proctitis residual y, ocasionalmente, se puede desarrollar un carcinoma en el muñón rectal. Pero en los pacientes en quienes falla la operación se puede emprender fácilmente una proctectomía con anastomosis ileonal (o ileostomía). En cuanto al riesgo de cancer en el recto residual, afortunadamente ésto puede ser bastante bien controlado mediante un seguimiento regular que incluye biopsias rectales para detectar la alteración premaligna que es la displasia epitelial severa. Este tipo de seguimiento constituye una precaución absolutamente esencial después una vez realizada esta operación.

Se hace énfasis sobre aspectos importantes de la técnica de anastomosis ileorrectal y se analiza la indicación para este tipo de procedimiento en las diferentes condiciones clínicas.

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Mann, C.V. Total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. World J. Surg. 12, 155–159 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658046

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