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The hypermetabolism organ failure complex

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Abstract

Multisystem organ failure remains the predominant cause of death in the surgical intensive care unit. What used to be thought of as isolated organ failure, such as adult respiratory distress syndrome, is now seen as part of the systemic response to injury and of a systemic injury and repair process. Sepsis has become the systemic inflammatory response to invading microorganisms; the same response is now recognized after severe perfusion deficits and in the presence of continuing sources of dead and injured tissue. Once present, the organ failure syndrome continues to have a high mortality rate. From a treatment perspective, it is being recognized that there is probably no “magic bullet”; that regimens will probably be time-dependent and “multiple-drug”; and that the best treatment is prevention. Malnutrition, as a distinct entity from the changes in body composition that occur as a result of disease process, has become a recognized co-factor in patients with persistent hypermetabolism. In addition, the metabolic processes of hypermetabolism have become increasingly well defined and understood. The result of these 2 processes has been the development of metabolic support principles that are distinct from those of nutritional support and are designed to prevent the end-organ changes of malnutrition, prevent the development of substrate-limited metabolism, to support organ structure and function, and to arrest the metabolic processes. The current state of the art has been to learn to do no harm, an outcome reasonably achieved. In addition, several beneficial results have been recognized, including new substrate techniques to better support total body protein synthesis, hepatic protein synthesis, and energy production. Techniques to better support organ structure and function are currently being tested. No techniques are currently available to control proteolysis and the redistribution of skeletal muscle nitrogen. A great deal of research is necessary in this field which is still in its infancy.

Résumé

Le défaillance multiviscérale reste la cause principale des décès dans les unités de soins intensifs. Ce qui dans le passé a été considéré comme là défaillance d'un seul organe, tel le syndrome de détresse respiratoire de l'adulte, n'est en fait qu'une partie de la réponse globale de l'organisme à l'agression et au processus de réparation. L'infection constitue la réponse inflammatoire systémique à l'infestation microbienne. Un mécanisme similaire est observé après insuffisance patente des perfusions et aussi en présence de la persistance de tissue traumatisé et dévitalisé. Quand elle existe la défaillance multiviscérale est grevée d'une haute mortalité. En ce qui concerne les perspectives d'avenir du traitement il est reconnu qu'il n'y a pas de solution magique, que les soins dépendront probablement du facteur temps et de l'emploi de multiples médicaments mais surtout la meilleure thérapeutique répond à la prévention.

La malnutrition en tant qu'entité distincte par rapport aux modifications de l'organisme qui résultent d'un processus pathologique est maintenant un cofacteur reconnu lorsque les malades présentent un hypermétabolisme persistant dont les phénomènes sont de mieux en mieux compris et définis. Le résultat de la malnutrition et de l'hypermétabolisme a été d'aboutir au développement de principes d'un apport métabolique consistant qui sont distincts de l'apport nutritif. Ils ont pour but de prévenir les modifications organiques terminales de la malnutrition et de prévenir le développement de la limitation du métabolisme d'un substrat; de soutenir la structure et la fonction organique et aussi d'arrêter les processus métaboliques. Le but a été d'apprendre à ne pas nuire. On peut considérer qu'il a été atteint. De plus, plusieurs résultats bénéfiques ont été obtenus: nouvelles techniques de préparation de substrats pour soutenir la synthèse protéique organique totale, la synthèse protéique hépatique, la production énergétique. Les techniques pour mieux soutenir la structure et la fonction organique sont en cours d'étude. Actuellement aucune technique permettant le contrôle de la protéolyse et de la redistribution du nitrogène musculaire n'est connue. Une vaste recherche reste à accomplir dans ce champ qui est en cours de défrichement.

Resumen

La falla orgánica multisistémica se mantiene como la causa predominante de muerte en las unidades de cuidado intensivo quirúrgico. Lo que anteriormente habiá sido considerado como falla orgánica aislada, tal como el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del adulto, es visualizado en la actualidad como parte de la respuesta sistémica a la lesión y como parte de un proceso sistémico de lesión y reparación. La sepsis es considerada como la respuesta inflammatoria sistémica a la presencia de microorganismos invasores; hoy se reconoce el mismo tipo de respuesta después de severos déficits de perfusión, así como en presencia de fuentes continuadas de necrosis y lesión tisular. Una vez establecido, el síndrome de falla orgánica sigue acompañado de una elevada tasa de mortalidad. Desde la perspectiva terapéutica, se acepta que no existe la “bala mágica”; que los regímenes de manejo probablemente son cronodependientes y multifarmacológicos; y por último, que la prevención es la mejor forma de tratamiento.

La desnutrición, como una entidad diferente de los cambios que ocurren en la composición corporal como resultado del proceso patológico, es reconocida como un co-factor en los pacientes con hipermetabolismo persistente. Además, los procesos bioquímicos del hipermetabolismo han logrado ser mejor identificados y comprendidos. El resultado ha sido el desarrollo de principios de soporte metabólico diferentes de los de soporte nutricional, orientados a la prevención de las alteraciones orgánicas de la desnutrición y del desarrollo de estados metabólicos inducidos por limitación de substrato, al soporte de la función y estructura orgánicas y a detener los procesos metabólicos. El estado actual del manejo se fundamenta en aprender a no hacer daño, objetivo que ha sido razonablemente alcanzado. Por lo demás, se han logrado algunos beneficios, incluso nuevas técnicas con el uso de substratos para un mejor soporte de la síntesis proteica corporal total, de la síntesis proteica en el hígado y de la producción de energía. Están en etapa de prueba nuevas técnicas para un mejor soporte de la estructura y función orgánicas. No hay disponibles en la actualidad métodos que puedan controlar la proteolisis y la redistribución del nitrógeno muscular esquelético. Todavía es necesario realizar mucha investigación en este campo que aún se encuentra en su infancia.

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Cerra, F.B. The hypermetabolism organ failure complex. World J. Surg. 11, 173–181 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01656400

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