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Treatment of pancreatic cancer by radiation therapy

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Abstract

The role of radiation therapy in the management of pancreatic malignancy was expanded dramatically in the last decade. Development of new tumor localization and dose delivery techniques permits safe delivery of increased radiation dose to upper abdominal tumors. Interstitial implantation of radioisotopes directly into tumors has increased the local control rate for pancreatic cancer as high as 80%, but the perioperative mortality rate of this procedure is as high as 25%, except in highly controlled situations. Early data from the high linear energy transfer (LET) treatment programs suggest higher than expected complication rates, yet survival seems no better than that reported from precision high-dose (PHD) external beam regimens. Radiation as an adjuvant to surgery has been inadequately tested, but initial reports from preoperative and postoperative trials are encouraging. Intraoperative irradiation poses theoretical advantages over external beam therapy for pancreatic cancer. Chemotherapy seems an effective adjuvant to external beam radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer. Drugs other than 5-FU have not been adequately evaluated in adjuvant studies, nor have newer radiation treatment methods been fully evaluated in combination with drugs.

Résumé

Le traitement par les radiations des tumeurs malignes du pancréas s'est très développé au cours des dernières années. La précision dans la localisation de la tumeur et dans l'apport électif de l'irradiation ont en effet permis d'augmenter sans danger les doses applicables aux lésions malignes de la partie haute de l'abdomen. L'implantation de radio-isotopes directement dans les tumeurs s'applique à 80% des cancers pancréatiques mais le taux de mortalité est élevé puisqu'il atteint 25%. Les résultats du traitement LET (energie linéaire basse) mettent en évidence un taux important de complications cependant que le temps de survie n'est pas supérieur à celui du PHD (radiothérapie à dose précise et élevée). L'irradiation en tant que complément de la chirurgie n'a pas été appréciée avec exactitude mais les résultats des essais d'irradiations pre-opératoires et postopératoires paraissent encourageants. L'irradiation per-opératoire présente des avantages théoriques par rapport aux autres méthodes. La chimiothérapie paraît constituer un adjuvant utile à l'irradiation mais les agents chimiques autres que le 5 FU n'ont pas été étudiés jusqu'ici de façon adéquate pour pouvoir porter dès maintenant un jugement précis sur leur valeur. Il en est de même pour l'association de la chimiothérapie avec les nouvelles méthodes d'irradiations.

Resumen

El papel de la terapia de irradiación en el manejo de la neoplasia pancreática maligna ha sido expandido en forma dramática en la última década. El desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de localización tumoral y de dosificación permite la irradiación inocua con dosis incrementadas de tumores del abdomen superior. La implantatión intersticial de radioisótopos directamente en el tumor ha aumentado la tasa de control local del cáncer pancreático hasta en un 80%, pero la mortalidad perioperatoria de este procedimiento llega hasta el 25%, excepto en condiciones altamente controladas. Los resultados iniciales con programas de tratamiento con LET (low linear energy transfer) sugieren tasas de complicación más altas que las esperadas, y sin embargo la supervivencia no parece ser mejor que la informada con regimenes de irradiación externa PHD (precision high dose). La irradiación como terapia adyuvante de la cirugía ha sido ensayada en forma inadecuada, pero los informes iniciales sobre ensayos preoperatorios y postoperatorios son halagadores. La irradiación intraoperatoria plantea ventajas teóricas sobre la terapia con irradiación externa en el cancer pancreático. La quimioterapia parecer ser una ayuda tan efectiva como la irradiación externa en el cáncer pancreático. Las drogas, diferentes del 5-FU, no han sido evaluadas en la debida forma en estudios de terapia adyuvante; tampoco han sido totalmente evaluados los nuevos métodos de irradiación en combinación con drogas.

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Supported in part by grants CA #29518 and CA #36899, awarded by the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services.

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Dobelbower, R.R., Milligan, A.J. Treatment of pancreatic cancer by radiation therapy. World J. Surg. 8, 919–928 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01656033

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