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The application of operative ultrasound immediately following carotid endarterectomy

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Abstract

One hundred and seventy-five carotid bifurcations have been scanned using intraoperative ultrasonic imaging. The technique is simple, reproducible, rapid, and reliable. Intimal flaps, clamp stenoses, residual plaques, and platelet accumulations were detected by this method. Most technical defects occurred in the external carotid artery (12%), and it is recommended that significant lesions remaining in this vessel should be removed. Defects in the internal carotid artery and common carotid artery were much less common (7%) and most of these were quite small, not requiring reopening. In fact, only 2% required reopening. In 1% of patients there were defects detected that led to stroke, which would have been removed on present criteria. Although there were other causes of stroke, technical error remains an immediately reversible source of postoperative stroke that can be avoided by the use of operative ultrasonic imaging. Long-term minor defects, as followed by noninvasive tests, rarely became significant and bore no relationship to the development of restenosis.

Résumé

Cent soixante-quinze fourches carotidiennes ont été soumises à une échographie per-opératoire. La méthode d'exploration est simple, aisée à répéter et fiable. Les lambeaux d'intima, les sténoses secondaires au clampage, les plaques laissées en place, les accumulations de plaquettes peuvent être détectées par cette exploration. La majorité des impairs opératoires s'observent au niveau de la carotide externe (12% des cas) et imposent la correction des lésions patentes. Les malfaçons au niveau de la carotide interne et de la carotide primitive sont moins fréquentes (7% des cas). Les lésions sont souvent peu importantes, leur correction ne s'imposant que dans 2% des cas. Dans 1% des cas, ces lésions artérielles opératoires aboutissent à une lésion cérébrale qui aurait pu être évitée. En effet, bien que d'autres causes de lésion cérébrale existent, les altérations imputables à l'acte chirurgical sont réversibles dès lors qu'elles sont mises en évidence par l'échographie opératoire. Les lésions mineures persistantes qui sont décelées par les tests non-invasifs ne sont que rarement à l'origine d'une sténose artérielle post-opératoire.

Resumen

Ciento setenta y cinco bifurcaciones carotídeas han sido estudiadas intraoperatoriamente al cierre de la arteriotomía para endarterectomía y una vez que los “clamps” y asas habían sido retirados y el flujo restaurado, mediante la imagenología de ultrasonido. La técnica es simple, reproducible, rápida, y confiable. Pliegues (“flaps”) de la íntima, estenosis por “clamps,” placas residuales, y acumulaciones plaquetarias fueron detectadas por este método. La mayoría de los defectos de técnica operatoria se presentaron en la carótida externa (12%) y por ello se recomienda que lesiones de significación que queden presentes en este vaso deben ser removidas. Los defectos en la arteria carótida interna y en la carótida primitiva fueron mucho menos frecuentes (7%) y su mayoría fueron mínimos y no requirieron reapertura del vaso. En 1% de los pacientes se presentaron defectos que dieron lugar a accidente cerebral los cuales, bajo criterios actuales, habrían sido removidos. Aunque hubo otras causas de accidente cerebral, los errores técnicos siguen siendo una fuente reversible inmediata de accidente cerebral postoperatorio que puede ser evitado con el uso de imagenología de ultrasonido intraoperatoria. Los defectos menores estudiados a largo plazo por medios no invasivos muy rara vez probaron ser de significación y no aparecieron relacionados con el desarrollo de reestenosis.

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Lane, R.J., Ackroyd, N., Appleberg, M. et al. The application of operative ultrasound immediately following carotid endarterectomy. World J. Surg. 11, 593–597 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655833

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