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Resection of liver metastases—When is it worthwhile?

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Abstract

Most of what has been learned about resection of hepatic metastases comes from the study of colorectal cancer because such lesions are so common. One-fourth or more of patients who have liver metastases from such lesions have hepatic tumors that can be removed, but only about 25% of these patients will live 5 years or more after such tumors have been removed. When resection so often fails to improve survival, there is a need to know when metastatic lesions should be removed. Study of determinants of prognosis, patterns of failure, and the natural history of the disease have shown that surgical failure is determined by the presence of extrahepatic metastases (even when removed) and limited resective margins. The patient's gender and the locoregional stage of the primary resected lesions influence survival, but not so much as to withhold resective treatment from these less favored groups. Studies of size, site, and number of hepatic metastases removed show therapeutic limitations associated with extremes, but these determinants of prognosis after resection must be studied in better ways. Although, at times, palliation is a reasonable goal, this aspect of resective treatment has not been studied well. When there are no good therapeutic alternatives to resection of hepatic metastases and when risk is low, such palliative operations may be justified. Only with further study will absolute contraindications to surgical therapy be well defined. There is an obvious need for biologic control of cancer.

Résumé

La majorité des faits que nous avons appris à propos de la résection des métastases hépatiques est la conséquence de l'étude du cancer colo-rectal qui est particulièrement fréquent. Un quart (ou plus) des malades qui présentent des métastases hépatiques secondaires à un cancer colo-rectal peut subir leur exérèses mais seulement 25% des opérés survivent 5 ans ou plus. Devant des faits aussi peu favorables il est nécessaire de déterminer avec précision les lésions susceptibles d'être traitées. L'étude des facteurs de pronostic, des modalités de l'échec, et de l'histoire naturelle de la maladie a montré que la faillite de la chirurgie est imputable à la présence de métastases extra-hépatiques (même si elles sont extirpées) et aux marges limitées de la résection. Le genre du malade et le stade évolutif de la lésion primitive réséquée ont une influence sur la survie mais pas au point de rejeter la résection chez les groupes moins favorisés. Les études de la taille, du siège et du nombre de métastases hépatiques extirpées montrent les limites de la thérapeutique dans les cas extrêmes mais en fait ces facteurs de pronostic après résection doivent être mieux étudiés. Bien que parfois le traitement palliatif constitute un but raisonnable, cet aspect de l'exérèse n'a pas fait l'objet d'une étude sérieuse. Quand il n'y a pas d'alternative thérapeutique meilleure que l'exérèse des métastases hépatiques cette intervention palliative paraît justifiée dès lors que les risques paraissent faibles. Ce sont des études plus approfondies qui permettront de définir les contre-indications du traitement chirurgical. A la lumière de ces considérations, il apparait indispensable de découvrir le traitement biologique du cancer.

Resumen

Casi todo lo apprendido sobre resección de metástasis hepáticas proviene del estudio del cáncer colorrectal, entidad en la cual tales lesiones son comunes. Una cuarta parte o más de los pacientes con metástasis hepáticas de esta neoplasia poseen tumores hepáticos que pueden ser resecados, pero sólo el 25% de taies pacientes sobrevive 5 o más años después de la resección. Cuando la resección falla en forma tan protuberante en cuanto a mejorar la supervivencia, se hace necesario determinar cuándo deben ser resecadas las lesiones metastáticas. Estudios sobre los factures determinantes del pronóstico, patrones de falla, y la historia natural de la enfermedad, han demostrado que las fallas quirúrgicas son el resultado de la presencia de metástasis extrahepáticas (aún cuando son removidas) y márgenes de resección limitados. El sexo del paciente y el estado locorregional de las lesiones primarias sometidas a resección influyen sobre la supervivencia pero no tanto como para dejar de brindar tratamiento operatorio a subgrupos menos favorables de pacientes. Los estudios del tamano, ubicación, y número de las metástasis hepáticas resecadas señalan las limitaciones terapéuticas asociadas con los casos extremos, pero estos factores determinantes de pronóstico después de resección merecen ser estudiados mediante mejores métodos. Aunque en algunas ocasiones la paliación aparece como un objetivo razonable, este aspecto de la terapia con resección no ha sido bien estudiado. Cuando no existen buenas alternativas terapéuticas frente a la resección de las metãstasis hepáticas y cuando el riesgo es bajo, tales operaciones paliativas pueden ser justificadas. Sólo a través de mayor y más profundo estudio podrán definirse las contraindicaciones absolutas de la terapia quirúrgica. Aparece obvia la necesidad del control biológico del cáncer.

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Adson, M.A. Resection of liver metastases—When is it worthwhile?. World J. Surg. 11, 511–520 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655817

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