Skip to main content
Log in

Surgical treatment of portal hypertension in schistosomiasis

  • Published:
World Journal of Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Patients with mansonic schistosomiasis and portal hypertension are usually young, with good liver functional reserve, huge splenomegaly, and hypersplenism detectable only by alterations seen in laboratory tests. Patients who are not operated on do not develop portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE). Angiographic alterations are characteristic and totally different from those observed in patients with liver atrophy or cirrhosis. Digestive tract hemorrhage is the most severe complication. The patient with schistosomiasis is, therefore, a good model for the study of the consequences caused by the surgical treatment of portal hypertension. The evaluation, however, of results published in the literature regarding schistosomiasis is practically impossible. In a review of 130 publications referring to 4,516 surgically treated patients, the absence of prospective or retrospective studies with adequate controls was observed, and only 3.2% of the patients were followed for 5 years. According to available data, a total of 29 different surgical techniques has been employed, 81.6% of which are represented by simple splenectomy, esophagogastric devascularization (EGDS), and splenorenal shunt (SRS). Splenectomy was the surgical procedure showing the highest rate of recurrent hemorrhage (54.3%), and the portocaval shunt had the highest PSE incidence (60%). Portosystemic encephalopathy incidence after SRS was 29%. Thus, in view of a lack of objective information, in 1977 our group started a prospective, randomized study comparing the results of the surgical procedures most widely used in our country: selective portal decompression (SPD), EGDS, and SRS. The randomization was interrupted after 94 patients had been operated on (32 SRS, 30 SPD, and 32 EGDS) because of a highly significant PSE incidence in the SRS group. Preliminary results as of January, 1984, refer to an average follow-up period of 53 months (minimum 29, maximum 77 months). In the SRS group, the late mortality rate was 18.7%, and the incidence of PSE was 31.2%. Among the patients included in this group, 18.7% had arterial hypertension. In the SPD group, late mortality occurred in 10% of the cases, and PSE in 13.3%, while a mild hyperbilirubinemia was seen in 43.3% of patients. Recurrent hemorrhage and ascites had an approximately similar incidence in the 3 groups.

Résumé

Les malades qui accusent une hypertension portale d'origine bilharzienne sont généralement jeunes. Leurs fonctions hépatiques sont bonnes mais ils présentent une splénomégalie très importante et une hypersplénisme qui se manifeste seulement par des altérations des tests biologiques. Lorsqu'ils ne sont pas opérés ils ne présentent pas de manifestations d'encéphalopathie. Les caractères angiographiques sont très particuliers et totalement différents de ceux qui sont observés chez les sujets dont le foie est atrophié ou cirrhotique. L'hémorragie digestive représente la complication la plus sévère. Le malade atteint de bilharziose hépatique est par conséquent un bon modèle d'étude des conséquences provoquées par le traitement chirurgical de l'hypertension portale. Cependant les résultats du traitement publiés dans la littérature sont ininterprétables. Dans une revue de 130 publications concernant 4516 opérations, l'absence d'études prospectives ou rétrospectives bénéficiant d'un contrôle de qualité a été constatée, 3,2% seulement des malades ayant été suivis pendant 5 ans. En tenant compte des données disponibles 29 techniques chirurgicales ont été employées, 81,6% desquelles sont repésentées par les opérations suivantes: splénectomie, devascularisation et anastomose spléno-rénale. La splénectomie a été suivie du taux le plus élevé de récidive hémorragique (54,3%) et l'anastomose portocave du taux le plus important d'encéphalopathie (60%), l'anastomose spléno-rénale n'étant suivie d'encéphalopathie que dans 29% des cas. En raison du défaut d'information objective notre équipe a entrepris en 1977 une étude prospective faite selon la méthode du choix au hasard des 3 techniques chirurgicales les plus employées au Brésil: l'anastomose spléno-rénale, la décompression portale sélective et la dévascularisation. L'étude fut interrompue alors que 94 malades avaient été opérés (32 anastomose spléno-rénales, 30 décompressions portales sélectives et 32 dévascularisations oesophagogastriques) en raison du taux particulièrement élevé de l'encéphalopathie postopératoire. Les résultats de cette étude menée jusqu'en janvier 1984 répondent à une période postopératoire moyenne de 53 mois (minimum 29, maximum 77 mois). Dans le groupe traité par anastomose spléno-rénale le taux de la mortalité tardive fut de 18,7% et celui de l'encéphalopathie de 31,2%. Parmi les malades de ce groupe, 18,7% présentaient une hypertension artérielle. Dans le groupe traité par décompression portale selective le taux de la mortalité tardive fut de 10%, celui de l'encéphalopathie de 13,3%, cependant qu'une hyperbilirubinémie fut constatée chez 43,3% de ces opères. La récidive hémorragique et l'ascite atteignent un taux très voisin pour les trois opérations.

Resumen

Los pacientes con esquistosomiasis mansónica e hipertensión portal generalmente son jóvenes con buena reserva funcional hepática, enorme esplenomegalia e hipersplenismo detectable solamente por las pruebas de laboratorio. Los pacientes nó operados no desarrollan encefalopatia portosistémica (EPS). Los cambios angiográficos son característicos y totalmente diferentes de los que se presentan en pacientes con cirrosis y atrofia hepática. La complicación más grave es la hemorragia digestiva. Por consiguiente, el paciente con esquistosomiasis es un buen modelo para el estudio de las consecuencias que se derivan del tratamiento quirúrgico de la hipertensión portal. Sinembargo, la evaluación de los resultados en la esquistosomiasis que han sido publicados en la literatura es prácticamente imposible. En una revisión de 130 publicaciones relativas a 4516 pacientes operados, se pudo comprobar ausencia de estudios prospectivos o retrospectivos con controles adecuados, y apenas el 3.2% de los casos fué seguido por 5 años. De acuerdo con los datos disponibles, se empleó un total de 29 técnicas quirúrgicas diferentes, 81.6% de los cuales estuvo representado por simple esplenectomía, devascularización esofagogástrica (DEG) y “shunt” espleno-renal (SER). La esplenectomía fué el procedimiento quirúrgico que tuvo la más alta incidencia de hemorragia recurrente (54.3%) y el “shunt” portacava la más alta incidencia de EPS (60%). La incidencia de EPS después de SER fué de 29%.

Por consiguiente, en vista de la ausencia de información objetiva, nuestro grupo inición en 1977 un estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado para comparar los resultados de los procedimientos quirúrgicos mayormente utilizados en nuestro país: descompresión portal selectiva (DPS), DEG y SER. La aleatorización fué interrumpida después de haber operado los primeros 94 pacientes (32 SER, 30 DPS y 32 DEG) debido a una muy significativa incidencia de la EPS en el grupo con SER. Los resultados preliminares (enero de 1984) se refieren a un período promedio de seguimiento de 53 meses (mínimo 29, máximo 77 meses). En el grupo de SER la mortalidad tardía fué de 18.7% y la incidencia de EPS fué de 31.2%.

El 18.7% de los pacientes incluidos en este grupo exhibió hipertensión arterial. En el grupo de DPS la mortalidad tardía fué de 10% y la incidencia de EPS de 13.3%; se observó hiperbilirrubinemia leve en 43.3% de los pacientes. La incidencia de hemorragia recurrente y de ascitis fué aproximadamente igual en los tres grupos.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ong, G.B.: Helminthic diseases of the liver and biliary tract. In Liver and Biliary Disease, Wright, R., Alberti, K.G.M.M., Karran, S., Millward-Sadler, G.H., editors. London, Saunders, 1979, pp. 1267–1303

    Google Scholar 

  2. Prata, A.: Esquistossomose mansoni. In Doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, Veronesi, R., editor, 7th ed. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara, 1982, pp. 884–904

    Google Scholar 

  3. Coutinho, A.: Fatores relacionados com o desenvolvimento das formas clínicas da esquistossomose mansônica. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.25:185, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  4. Pittella, J.E.H.: Encefalopatia hepática na forma hepatesplênica da esquistossomose mansônica. Rev. Hosp. Clín. Fac. Med. São Paulo36:97, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bernardini, A.P.: Esquistossomose mansônica: um modelo para o estudo do tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensão portal. Thesis, Inst. Bras. Est. Pesq. Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  6. Mies, S., Larsson, E., Mori, T., Rosa, P., Raia, S.: O sistema porta e as artérias hepática, esplênica e mesentérica superior na esquistossomose hepatesplênica. Estudo angiográfico. Rev. Hosp. Clín. Fac. Med. São Paulo35:121, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bogliolo, L.: O peso do fígado e do baço na esquistossomose mansônica hepato-esplênica e na doença de Morgagni-Laennec. Rev. Assoc. Méd. Bras.2:386, 1956

    Google Scholar 

  8. Raia, S.: Descompressão portal seletiva na esquistossomose mansônica. Thesis, Fac. Med. Univ. São Paulo, 1978

  9. Mies, S., Mori, T., Larsson, E., Rosa, P., Jara, J.G., Santos, L.F. dos; Löscher, W., Raia, S.: A veia cava inferior e as veias supra-hepáticas na esquistossomose hepatesplênica. Estudo angiográfico. Rev. Hosp. Clín. Fac. Med. São Paulo35:136, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  10. Mies, S., Mori, T., Larsson, E., Rosa, P., Raia, S.: Hepatic vein in mansonic schistosomiasis: Angiographic and hemodynamic pattern. Gastroenterology78:1314, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  11. Coutinho, A.: Alterações hemodinâmicas na esquistossomose mansônica hepato-esplênica. J. Bras. Med.8:299, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  12. Coutinho, A.: Hemodynamic studies of portal hypertension in schistosomiasis. Am. J. Med.44:547, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mies, S., Larsson, E., Mori, T., Rosa, P., Raia, S.: The hepatic artery in mansonic schistosomiasis: Hypertrophy or atrophy? Gastroenterology78:1314, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  14. Blendis, L.M., Williams, R., Kreel, L.: Radiological determination of splenic size. Gut10:433, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  15. Raia, S.: Portal hypertension in schistosomiasis. In Medical and Surgical Problems of Portal Hypertension, Orloff, M.J., Stipa, S., Ziparo, V., editors. London, Academic, 1980, pp. 301–312

    Google Scholar 

  16. Padua Vilela, M.: Esplenoportografia transparietal. Seu valor na identificação da síndrome de hipertensão portal (por bloqueio pré e intrahepático), avaliação da sua intensidade e suas possibilidades para a comprovação de varizes esofagogástricas. Thesis, Esc. Paul. Med., São Paulo, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bogliolo, L.: O porto-radiograma “Post-Mortem” na esquistossomiase mansônica hepato-esplênica. Rev. Assoc. Méd. Bras.2:379, 1956

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bogliolo, L.: A esplenoportografia na esquistossomose mansônica hepato-esplênica, forma de Symmers. Rev. Assoc. Méd. Bras.2:263, 1957

    Google Scholar 

  19. Carneiro, J.L.de A.: A circulação colateral gastresofágica após desconexão ázigo-portal. Thesis, Centro Biom. Univ. Fed. Esp. Santo, Vitória, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ramos, O.L., Saad, F., Leser, W.P.: Portal hemodynamics and liver cell function in hepatic schistosomiasis. Gastroenterology47:241, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ribeiro Jorge, P.A., Zancaner, W., Guimarães, R.F., Carvalhal, S., Dos S.: O gradiente de oxigênio e o fluxo sanguíneo hepático na esquistossomose mansônica hepatosplênica, forma de Symmers. Rev. Assoc. Méd. Bras.13:442, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  22. Strauss, E., Schmidt, E., Raia, S., Kieffer, J.: Intrahepatic percutaneous disposition of radioactive xenon (133Xe) as a means of measuring hepatic blood flow. Hepato-Gastroenterol.27:99, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  23. Reemtsma, K., Hottinger, G.C., DeGraaf, A.C., Jr., Creech, O., Jr.: The estimation of hepatic blood flow using indocyanine green. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.110:353, 1960

    Google Scholar 

  24. Andrade, Z.A., Cheever, A.W.: Alterations of the intrahepatic vasculature in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.20:425, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hidayat, M.A., Wahid, H.A.: A study of the vascular changes in bilharzic hepatic fibrosis and their significance. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.132:997, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  26. Paes Alves, C.A., Alves, A.R., Abreu, W.N., Andrade, A.A.: Hepatic artery hypertrophy and sinusoidal hypertension in advanced schistosomiasis. Gastroenterology72:126, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  27. Warren, K.S.: Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: A greatly neglected disease of the liver. Gut.19:572, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bauer, W., Dale, H.H., Poulsson, L.T., Richards, D.W.: The control of circulation through of the liver. J. Physiol.74:343, 1932

    Google Scholar 

  29. Burton-Opitz, R.: The vascularity of the liver. II. The influence of the portal blood-flow upon the flow in the hepatic artery. Q. J. Exp. Physiol.4:93, 1911

    Google Scholar 

  30. Condon, R.E., Nyhus, L.M., Chapman, N.D., Harkins, H.N.: Portal vein and hepatic artery interaction: Studies in the isolated, perfused liver. Gastroenterology43:547, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  31. Delin, N.A.: Balloon occlusion of the portal vein in man. Technical report. Acta Chir. Scand.139:763, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hanson, K.M., Johnson, P.C.: Local control of hepatic arterial and portal venous flow in the dog. Am. J. Physiol.211:712, 1966

    Google Scholar 

  33. Lanciault, G., Jacobson, E.D.: The gastrointestinal circulation. Gastroenterology71:851, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  34. Sancetta, S.M.: Dynamic and neurogenic factors determining the hepatic arterial flow after portal occlusion. Circ. Res.1:414, 1953

    Google Scholar 

  35. Silveira, G.de S.M.da: Circulações arterial e portal do fígado esquistossomótico após esplenectomia. Thesis, Fac. Med. Univ. Fed. Bahia, Salvador, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  36. Domingues, A.L.C., Coutinho, A.: Tratamento da esquistossomose mansônica com oxamniquine oral. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo17:164, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  37. Silva, L.C.da, Sette, H., Jr., Chamone, D.A.F., Saez-Alquezar, A., Punskas, J.A., Raia, S.: Clinical trials with oral oxamniquine (UK 4271) for the treatment of mansonian schistosomiasis. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo16:103, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  38. Zeitune, J.M.R., Ramos, S.R., Sugmyama, L.C.Y., Corte, A.A.: Tratamento medicamentoso da esquistossomose mansoni. Arq. Gastroenterol. São Paulo17:88, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  39. Grace, N.D., Muench, H., Chalmers, T.C.: The present status of shunts for portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology50:684, 1966

    Google Scholar 

  40. Guimarães, J.S.: Tratamento cirúrgico das hemorragias gastroesofagianas na esquistossomose hépatoesplênica. Estudo comparativo entre a esplenectomia associada à anastomose espleno-renal e a esplenectomia associada à desvascularização gastroesofagiana. Thesis, Fac. Med. Univ. São Paulo, 1969

  41. Warren, K.S., Rebouças, G., Baptista, A.G.: Ammonia metabolism and hepatic coma in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Patients studied before and after portacaval shunt. Ann. Intern. Med.62:1113, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  42. Shiroma, M., Okumura, M., Meira, J.A., Ferreira, J.M.: Cirurgia da hipertensão portal na esquistossomose hepatosplênica. Avaliação clínica de 150 casos de anastomose espleno-renal. Rev. Hosp. Chín. Fac. Med. São Paulo22:309, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  43. Speranzini, M.B.: Vascularização arterial do fígado na fibrose hepática esquistossomótica após anastomose espleno-renal (estudo angiográfico). Thesis, Fac. Med. Univ. São Paulo, 1971

  44. Guimarães, J.S., Goffi, F.S.: Estudo crítico sobre a anastomose esplenorrenal empregada no tratamento das hemorragias digestivas de esquistossomóticos. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.19:501, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  45. Okumura, M.: Contribuição para o estudo do tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensõ portal. Thesis, Fac. Med. Univ. São Paulo, 1967

  46. Silva, L.C. da: Complicaciones médicas de la cirurgía de la hipertensión portal en pacientes con cirrosis hepática o esquistosomiasis hepatoesplénica. Sevilla Med.5:27, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  47. Alves, J.de R.: Cirurgia do síndromo hipertensivo porto-hépato esplênico na esquistossomose mansônica. Hospital (R.J.),58:519, 1960

    Google Scholar 

  48. Shiroma, M.: Resultados da anastomose espleno-renal e da esplenectomia no tratamento da hipertensão porta esquistossomótica. Comparação da letalidade e da incidênica de hemorragia digestiva no seguimento. Thesis, Fac. Med. Univ. São Paulo, 1974

  49. Raia, S., Teixeira da Silva, A., Lopes, J.D., Mies, S., Oliveria Silva, A. de, Strauss, E., Laudanna, A., Raia, A., Silva, L.C. da: Descompressõ portal selectiva por anastomose esplenorrenal distal para tratamento das verizes sangrantes do esôfago na esquistossomose mansônica. Rev. Hosp. Clín. Fac. Med. São Paulo26:149, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  50. Warren, W.D., Zeppa, R., Fomon, J.J.: Selective trans-splenic decompression of gastroesophageal varices by distal splenorenal shunt. Ann. Surg.166:437, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  51. Warren, W.D., Millikan, W.J., Jr., Henderson, J.M., Wright, L., Kutner, M., Smith, R.B., III, Fulenwider, J.T., Salam, A.A., Galambos, J.T.: Ten years of portal hypertensive surgery at Emory. Ann. Surg.195:530, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  52. Raia, S., Mittelstaedt, W., Mies, S., Silva, A.T. da, Monteiro, C., Raia, A.: Selektive Druckentlastung des Pfortadesystems bei blutenden Ösohagusvarizen. Chir. Praxis23:51, 1977/78

    Google Scholar 

  53. Henderson, J.M., Millikan, W.J., Jr., Chipponi, J., Wright, L., Sones, P.J., Meier, L., Warren, W.D.: The incidence and natural history of thrombus in the portal vein following distal splenorenal shunt. Ann. Surg.196:1, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  54. Maillard, J.N., Flamant, Y.M., Hay, J.M., Chandler, J.G.: Selectivity of the distal splenorenal shunt. Surgery86:663, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  55. Rocha, P.: Resultados imediatos da anastomose porto-cava direita em pacientes com síndrome de hipertensão portal por anastomose espleno-renal. Thesis, Fac. Med. Univ. São Paulo, 1957

  56. Wilson, J.B.: Changes in the portal and splenic veins in portal hypertension and their relation to splenomegaly. Gut2:310, 1961

    Google Scholar 

  57. Gianturco, C., Anderson, J.H., Wallace, S.: Mechanical devices for arterial occlusion. Am. J. Roentgenol.124:428, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  58. Drapanas, T.: Interposition mesocaval shunt for treatment of portal hypertension. Ann. Surg.176:435, 1972

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Raia, S., Mies, S. & Macedo, A.L. Surgical treatment of portal hypertension in schistosomiasis. World J. Surg. 8, 738–752 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655771

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655771

Keywords

Navigation